k

*

I

360 Notices of Rk<nt Archaeological Publications.

Topographical history muAe very grateful to him for the labour he has bestowed upon the handsoely printed volume he has issued at a very moderate cost to the public His aim has been to include in it whatever has issued from the press, in a nar ate form, relating to the History and Topo- graphy of the County, inc ling its Natural History, Dialect, Social Life, and the Biography of Emin t Natives. Those books, however, which refer to the whole of England, a therefore necessarily include this County, have not been introduced for tl reason that they have already been noted in "The Book of British Top raphy," by Mr. J. P. Anderson.

We cannot help think - this omission is to be regretted. There are many essays and fugitive tides scattered in Reviews and Periodicals of great interest and value, ; it would have been more convenient for the student of the history of knet to have had references to all authorities on the subject brought tog b.er into one volume instead of having to seek for information in a differed work not always readily obtainable.

Mr. Mayo, instead of i. reducing the various works alphabetically under the authors' names, has assified them into two Divisions, which are sub-divided under variousieadings, and at the end has given an Index to the authors. This would em to us to be, in some respects, an advantage. The headings are very nuerous, perhaps rather too numerous, and unfor- tunately the author has v. supplied a Table of Contents shewing where any particular class of wks would be found. His first great Division consists of works genera, relating to the county, and this is arranged under the following heai :— Histories and Descriptions ; Tours ; Guide Books ; Directories ; Antiq rian Literature; Historical Literature ; Political Pamphlets, &c; a Hoard Election Handbills, under several sub-heads; County Affairs ; Assizes, & , and Sermons ; Ecclesiastical Literature ; Works illustrating Social Life ; he Dorset Dialect ; Agricultural Publications ; Natural History ; Almanacs, Newspapers ; Acts of Parliament for making and repairing Roads, Brid*, &c. , and Maps of Dorset.

The second Divisions chains " Works relating to Particular Parishes," and under this head the & eral parishes are arranged in alphabetical order. Following this is a Table cAddenda of Works received too late to be placed in their proper position, nd a List of the Printers of Dorset, the com- pilation of which must hae been a work of no ordinary labour.

We have thus laid efore the reader the plan of the work. The bibliographical description are all that can be desired, and the Collection of Civil War Tracts and fa history of the County Newspapers are of much interest. The work, hower, is by no means complete, which is acknow- ledged by the author, wo contemplates at a future date to prepare a companion to the present'olume, to contain an account of the writings of natives and inhabitants i the county in the various classes of literature, for the compilation of TOch he solicits communications of memoranda of their works and biographal particulars of the authors.

The work is privately Tinted, and consists of only a small impression of 50 large paper and 300 snll paper copies, which may be obtained from the author, the former at tharice of 26s. and the latter of 13s.

*«1.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

§rist0l antr (BUuttsitxsYxxt

%xthixola§\ti\l jJoticin

FOE 1881-85.

TRANSACTIONS

OK TIIK

lit iotoi & <£lottrrotrrsrt)trr

Rvci)atolo#ical ^ocifty

FOR 1881-85.

Edited by SIR JOHN MACLEAN, F.S.A., Ac.

VOL. IX.

BRISTOL: PRINTED FOB THE SOCIETY BY C. T. JEFFERIES AND SONS CANYNGE BUILDINGS, BEDCLIFFE STREET.

The Council of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Arcil-eological Society desires that it should be distinctly understood that the Council is not responsible for any statements made, or opinions expressed, in the Transactions of the Society. The Authors are alone responsible for their several Papers and Communications, and the Editor for the Notices on Books.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Transactions at Evesham - - - - 1 -38

Catalogue of Exhibits in Temporary Museum - - - 39-40

Lists of Society's Books .... 47-50

On some Sculptured Effigies of Ecclesiastics in Gloucestershire.

By Mary Ellen Baoxell-Oakeley - - - 51-71

Notes on the Parish, the Church, and Ancient Religious Foundations

of Ledeneia Parva or St. Briavels. By the Rev. William

Taprell Allex, M.A., Vicar - - ■ 72-102

Notes on Buckland Manor and Advowson from a.d. 709 to a.d.

1546. By the Rev. William Bazeley, M.A. - - 103-124

Notes on an Excavation made near Evesham. By by R. F. Tomes 125-127 The Almonry of Evesham Abbey. By E. S. Ridsdale - - 12S-133

Tne Manor and Borough of Chipping Campden. By the Rev.

S. E. Bartleet, M.A. .... 134-195

The " Buckstone, "in the Parish of Dixton, Monmouthshire. By

Sir John Maclean, F.S. A. .... 196-197 The Berkeleys of Dursley during the 13th and 14th Centuries.

By Sir Hbnbt Barkly, K.C.B., G.C.M.G., &c. - - 227-270

The Family of Hayncs of Westbury-on-Trym, Wick and Abson,

and other places in Gloucestershire. By the Rev. F. G.

Poyntox, M.A., &c. - - - - - 277-297

Cirencester— Its Manor and Town. By the Rev.E.A. Fuller, M.A. 29S-344 On Feudal and Compulsory Knighthood. By Sir Johx Maclean,

F.S. A. - - - - - - 345-353

Addendum to the Memoir on the Manor and Borough of Chipping

Campden. By the Rev. S. E. Bartleet, M.A. - - 354-355

The Family of James Johnson, successively Bishop of Gloucester

and Worcester. By WALTEK Money, F.S. A. - - 356-357

In Memorial — Henry Thomas Ellacombe - - - 365-306

Keucwin Hoskixs Fryeb - - - 366-367

James Herbert Cooke - - 367-368

NOTICKS OF RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS.

•

History df 'luxation & Taxes in England. By Stephen Dowei.l,

Assistant Solicitor of the Inland Revenue - - 19S-201

The Algonquin Legends of New England. By Charles G.

Lelani. - .... 201-204

The Nation in the Parish. By Emily M. Lawson, with a

Glossary of Local Words and Phrases. By Rev. ROBERT

Lawson, NLA. ..... 204-206

A Short History of the Episcopal Church in the United States.

By the Rev. W. BENHAM, B.D., F.S.A. - 206-207

The Gentleman's Magazine Library. Edited by GEORGE

Lawrence Gomme, F.S.A. - - - 207-208

The Lord of the Marches and The Lord Mayor. By Emily

Sarah Holt ..... 208-210

The History of Launceston & Dunheved. By Richard Peter,

Town Clerk of Launceston, and his son, Otho Bathurst

Peter - .... 210-213

The Marriage, Baptismal and Burial Registers, 1571 to 1874,

and Monumental Inscriptions of the Dutch Reformed

Church, Austin Friars, London, &c. Edited by William

John Moens. (Privately printed) - - - 213-214

Days Afoot and European Sketches ; and Round about Haida.

By James Baker ----- 214-215 An Account of some of the Incised and Sepulchral Slabs of

North-west Somersetshire. By E. W. Paul - - 215-216

Ecclesiological Notes on some of the Islands of Scotland. By

T. S. Mnii . - - - - - 216-22:5

De Nova Villa ; or, the House of Nevill. By Henry Swallow 223-226 The Pipe Roll Society's Publications - - - 358-359

Bibliotheca Dorsetiensis. By Charles Herbert Mayo, M.A. .'!.">!)-360

Church Plate in the Archdeaconry of Worcester. By William

Lk\, M. A., Archdeacon of Worcester - 361-362

Notes and Queiiea .... 362-364

Announcements— Ancient Stronghold of Worlebury - - .'364

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

* V iew of the Old Bridge at Evesham

* Arch leading to the Chapter House, Evesham Abbey -

Plate I. t Effigy of Abbot Foliot, Gloucester Plate II. t Effigy of Abbot Seabroke, Gloucester - Fig. 3 Missing

Fig. 4 Tomb of Abbot Knowle, Bristol

Fig. 5 Rebus of Abbot Newland or Nailheart

Plate III. t Effigy of Priest in Eucharistic Vestments, New- land ..... Plate IV. t Do. do. do. Plate V. f Do. do. Leckhampton

Plate VI. t Effigy of William Canynges, Dean of Westbury,

St. Mary Redcliffe - Figs.6&7** Effigies of Canons, Bitton - PI. VII. t Effigy of John Lavyngton in ordinary Ecclesias - tical dress at St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol

|| Plan of St. Mary's Church, St. Briavels

|| Sculptured Slab, St. Briavels

X Ground Plan of the Almonry, Evesham Abbey -

J First-floor Plan of do. do.

I Sections and details of do. do.

PI. XIII. ; Fire-place do. do.

PI. XIV.* Lantern do. do.

PI. XV. t Details do. do.

Fig. 8. * View of Almonry from Court Yard PI. XVI.:} North-west Prospect of the Court Yard PI. XVIIJ South-east do. do. do.

PI. VIII PI. IX. PI. X. PI. XI. PI. XII.

	I	». 2
	P-	13
to face	P-	59
to face	P-	GO
	P-	62
	P-	64
to face	P-	36
do	,
dc	i.
to face	P-	69
	P-	69
to face	P-	70
to face	P-	74
to face	P-	76

to face pp. 128-129

to face p. 129 to face p. 130

do.

Fig. 9.

View of the " Buckstone," Dixton, Monmouthshire

p. 198

" The Society is indebted to Messrs. W. & ll. Smith, Printers ami Booksellers, Evesham, for the loan ol the Mocks (or these illustrations.

t A moiety of the cost of these Plates was liberally paid by the Author.

The Bocietj is indebted to the late Rev. H. T. EUacombe tor the use of these hi >eks.

II Mr. W. T. Allen obligingl] presented the drawings tor these Plates.

* The drawir.gB tor these plates were kindly presented bj the author.

§ Mr. Waugh, of Monmouth, kindly lent the Electrotype of this engraving*

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

VOL. VIII. Page 228, line 4, after almoner insert full stop and begin new sentence.

324 ,, 23, for Audry read Awdry.

325 ,, 22, for have read has.

327 ,, 11, insert full stop after Homo Bulla.

328 ,, S of inscription, for Pulpitq read Pulpltl^.. , ,, 9, for Concionatur read Concionator.

,, ,, 11, for fractisq read factisc^. 321 ,, 17, transfer this line to below line commencing " Ubi," &c, and in the last mentioned line for episcopates read episcopates." 339 first descent— for Audrys read A wdrys. 341 last descent — for Golingsby read Coningsby.

VOL. IX.

Page 67. The Surplice and Almuce. Since Mrs. Bagnall-Oakeley's valuable monograph on the Ecclesiastical Effigies in Gloucestershire was printed another interesting example of a secular canon habited, as those at Bitton, in cassock, surplice, almuce and cope has been brought under notice in the Proceedings of the Society of Anti- quaries just issued. It is represented on a wooden effigy formerly in the church of All Saints, Derby, and cast out on the " des- tructive restoration " of that church in 1873. It is believed to lie the effigy of Robert Johnson, who was sub-dean as late as 1527. It is gratifying to know that the fragments of this effigy, which is considered, as the wooden effigy of a priest, to be unique, have beeu recovered by the Derby Archaeological Society, and that by the same Society measures are being adopted for the preservation of the remains of this very interesting monument. (For particulars sec Proc. Soc. Antiq., 2nd series Vol. X., pp. 63-66).

Page 91, line 6, for Graa Lien read Grace Dieu. ,, 19, utter Carpi nter delete full stop and insert comma.

Transactions of the

'§ ristol nnb Gloucestershire ^trdurologtrnl gocietp.

At the Annual Meetino, held at Evesham, on

Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, the 23rd, 2Jfth and 25th July,

1884.

The Ninth Annual Summer meeting of the Society was held at Evesham on the days above mentioned. Though the weather had been remarkably fine during the month of June and the early part of July, it became very broken and stormy about the middle of the latter month, and continued so through the days of the meeting, which, in no small degree, interfered with the com- fort of the members, though it did not damp their enthusiasm.

The arrangements were, as usual, very effectively made by a local com- mittee consisting of the following gentlemen : — The Rev. G. Drinkwater Bourne, M.A. (Chairman) ; The Revs. Martin Amphlett, J. R. Barker, S. PI Bartleet, N. G. Batt, J. W. Cai.dicott, D.D., B. Davis, T. H. Hunt, A. H. Winmncton Ingram (Hon. Canon of Worcester), F. Willoughby Jones, (i. S. Morris, P. Norris, G. W. Phillips, S.Taylor, S. Walker, and F. E. B. Witts ; The Worshipful the Mayor of Evesham (Mr. Wm. Gardner) ; Messrs. Thomas Akkins, Isaac Averill, Jethro Bracher, H. Burlingham, R. N. Chaiavick, George Fades, Edgar Flower, G. H. Fosbroke, G. H. Garrard, S. G. Hamilton, A. L. Haynes, G. Hunt, J. W. .Iaynes, John Loxley. A. H. Martin, Herbert New, C. G. Prance, E. C. Ri i < k, A. H. Savory, T. S. Shekel:,, J. Sladuen, T. J. Slatter, R. F. Tomes, and W. Smith, of whom Mr. Slatter was good enough to act us Local Treasurer, and Messrs. New and Tomes as Local Secretaries.

The Town Hall and Council Chamber were courteously placed at the disposal of the Society by the Mayor and Corporation, and the rooms of the Evesham Institute by the Council of that body. The latter rooms were appropriated as the reception room, dining and breakfast room, and for other purposes, and the former for holding the meetings and for the Temporary Museum.

The Society was officially received by the Mayor and Corporation at the Town Hall at noon, on Wednesday, the •_\~>tli. Among the members of the Society present were Sir W. V. Guise, Bart. [President of the Council), Sir John Maclean, F.S.A. ; the Revs. W. T. Allen, W. Bazeley (Hon. Sec), W. T. Blathwayt, S. E. P.ailtleet, Dr. Caldicott (Hon Sec), J. Emerm, W. Baonal-Oakeley, &c. ; Colonel PoRBBS; Messrs. W. ADLAM, T. B. Bkavbndeb, J. IT. Cooke, F.S.A. F. A. D'Argewt, II. DbbHAH, K. H. Vol. IX., part 1 B

2 Transactions at Evesham.

Fryer (Mayor of Gloucester), W. George, G. Hartlanp, W. Leigh, R. M. Lingwood, J. Murch, C. Playne, P. D. Plankerd, C. P. Pritchett, P. Protiieroe, S. H. S wayne, W. Urex, &c, most of the members of the local committee, and many ladies and friends of the members and other visitors.

The Mayor of Evesham (Mr. Wm. Gardner), who was attired in his robe and chain of office, and had on the table before him the borough maces, addressed a few words to the Society. Speaking on behalf of himself, the Corporation, and the people of Evesham, he said they felt highly honoured by the presence of the Society in this town, and he wished to give the members a hearty welcome. He recalled the fact that in 1875 the British Archaeological Society visited Evesham, ami stated that when at Ragley, the Treasurer of that body spoke of the Evesham congress as having been as successful as any the Society had ever held. The meeting nine years ago lasted for a week. The present one would only last three days, but he trusted it might prove equally interesting, that the visitors would have reason to speak well of this ancient borough and the people in it ; that they would be favoured with fine weather, and that on each day's trip they would enjoy the many antiquities that would come before their notice. The people of Evesham considered themselves highly favoured in living in what was known as the Garden of England. They felt proud of their streets, their bell tower, their parish churches and other places of worship, all well restored, their Grammar School, their Town Hall and Institute, their Cottage Hospital and School, and also the New Bridge and Workman Pleasure Grounds. If they referred to Mr. New's book " A Day at Evesham," which was well worthy of the author, they would see a sketch of the buildings formerly at the foot of the old bridge,1 and he recommended them to compare that with the

Fig. 1. 1 \v<uir favour* d bj the publishers, Messrs. \v. & II. smith, with the loan of the wood If of the engraving alluded to by the Mayor (Fi • I). It represents the wi rtt rn portion of the

picturesque old bridge, now destroyed. The arches are - whai concealed by osier beds. The

old house whereon the name of "Tayler" appears is thai referred to in the charter of 1605 u the "Old Guild Hall." It was afterwards used as a Poor House. The old sycamore tree oew it ia well remembered. lio.

RF.ronT of Cof.voil. 3

aspect of the place as transformed within the last quarter-of-a-century. The borough, he was glad to say, was still improving and further permanent im- provements were contemplated. They were lengthening the streets by new ' nildinga which were erected in the hope that friends would come and live there. Adverting to the proposed visit to the churches and the site of the abbey, his worship said he could not do better than commend them to the care of the worthy vicar, the Rev. J. Ross Barker. He touched upon several points of interest in the abbey precincts, remarking as to the disposal of the ruins, and said that there was seldom an old building or wall taken down in the borough without some portions of carved stone or tracery richly cut being found which once formed part of the ancient abbey. After a few words upon the site of the battle-field, and in eulogy of Mr. New's ability as a guide to that historic spot, the Mayor said he felt honoured to sit there for a second term of office as Mayor, and especially so after being successful in the com- pletion of very important sanitary works such as drainage and water supply, proper attention to which was so necessary to the health, comfort and hap- piness of the people. In conclusion he said he should have had pleasure in joining the Society during the next two days, but to keep a promise he made last year he was obliged to be in London that night. He wished the members three very enjoyable days, and gave them a hearty welcome to the borough of Evesham.

Sir W.m. GuiSE then took the chair, and in the course of a brief address said he was present on that occasion to do a duty which should have fallen upon another, namely, upon the President, Mr. Stafford Howard, M. P., from whom he had a letter expressing his extreme regret that an engagement in London prevented Iris being present on this occasion. As President of the Council he begged to convey their most hearty thanks to the Mayor for the very kind and cordial reception he had given them, and he only hoped that the weather might permit them to visit the very interesting antiquities which the district around them offered to their notice. Sir William then called upon

The Rev. Dr. Caldicott, who read the Report of the Council, the open- ing part of which was as follows : —

REPORT OF COUNCIL. The Council in presenting its Report for the year 1883-84 to the members of the Bristol & (iloucestershire Arclueological Society has to congratulate them on the valuable work done in the course of the year and on the general condition of the Society. The number of members at the present time is 511, against 518 at the corresponding period of last year. Of these 439 are annual subscribers, 79 are life members. During the past year 41 vacancies have occurred by death or resignation ; 3 of the deceased having been life members of the Society. The number of new members elected in the year is 34, of whom 4 are life members. On the 21st of April, 1883, the balance at the bankers to the; credit of the Society was £'237 8s. (id. The income of the Society for the year ending April 21st, 1884, was £2S4 19s. 7d., making with the balance a sum of £519 8s. Id., while the expenditure for the year has been 6245 Ills. (id. On the general account there was a balance for the year to the credit of the Society of £273 8a. 7<1. Prom this, however, must be deducted £150 Is. 8d., the amount in which the Berkeley MSS, account was

li 2

4 Transactions at Evesham.

indebted to the general account on the 21st of April. The balance of the Society's banking account, therefore, at the end of the financial year was £123 6s. Lid. This balance will be reduced by the cost of the publication of the eighth volume of the Transactions, the first part of which has been delivered to the subscribers, and the second part is considerably advanced. Besides the balance at the bankers there is a sum of £432 3s. Sd. invested in Consols.1

The Society has to lament the loss by death during the year of several of its most active members. Of these the Council would specially mention the names of Mr. J. D. T. Niblett, F.S.A., Mr. W. ;Eneas Seys, and Mr. J. F. Nicholls, F.S.A. Mr. Niblett for very many years took a deep interest in the antiquities of Gloucestershire ; and from the foundation of this Society has been of great service in all the various branches of its work. The success of the meeting at Chepstow was mainly due to Mr. Seys' exertions ; and Mr. Nicholls, on several occasions, guided the Society on its visits to Bristol and the neighbourhood, and contributed valuable papers to the Transactions. These three gentlemen were members of the Council.

The Eighth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at Bath, on Wednesday, July 25th, 18S3, under the Presidency of Edward Stafford Howard, Esq., M.P. There was a large attendance of members, who were received and entertained in the Banqueting Room of the Guildhall, by H. Cossham, Esq. (the Mayor of Bath). The President, having been introduced by Sir William Guise, Bart., delivered his inaugural address, in which, after briefly discussing the benefits to be derived from the study of Archaeology, he gave a very interesting sketch of the devolution of the Castle and Manor of Thornbury from the time of Edward the Confessor, m ith a graphic account of the government of the town and manor, illustrated by extracts from the Court Rolls from the year 13S7.

The company next proceeded to the Pump Room, where Major Davis described the position and arrangements of the Roman Baths, including the one recently uncovered. After inspecting the remains of this Bath the Society made an excursion, under the guidance of the Rev. Prebendary Scarth, to Hampton Down, for the purpose of examining the line of the \\ ansdikc, the direction of the Roman roads around Bath, and the fords of the river Avon. Mr. Scarth also pointed out and described the different camps of which traces are found on Lansdown, and the camp on Salisbury Hill.

At the Evening Meeting Papers were read and discussed : one On tli? lately excavated Roman Bath, by Major Davis, another On the History of Ancient Bath, by Mr. T. (i. P. lfallett, and a third On the Skirmish at Claverton in L643, by Mr. II. 1?. Skrine.

Oil Thursday, July 26th, an excursion was made by way of Banner Down, to Marshfield, Cold Ashton, Sodbury and Dyrham, the return to Bath being made by Tog Hill, the scene of an obstinate struggle between the Royalists and Parliamentarians. In the course of this excursion the

l This pai igraph b1 t, - ,„,h u,,. Balance of the Banker's Account for the year as it &P] I on April 21st, 1884. Tin- Mini of cl.'.O is. 8d. advanced on account of the pub- lication ol the Berkeley 1188. Is an asset of the Society; as Is also the amount of subscriptions for the year thai w< re thi n unpaid. Against this, on the other hand, must be set the cost of the publication of Vol. VIII. mentioned in the paragraph.

Report of Council. 5

church of Marshfield was described by the Rev. G. F. Trot man, the Church of Cold Ashton and the Parsonage by Mr. E. Sayres, and the Manor House at Sodbury by Mr. G. B. Witts.

At Dyrham the Rev. W. T. Blathwayt conducted the party over the Church and Manor House. At the Evening Meeting papers were read : On Local Names, by the Rev. J. Eaile (Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the Univer- sity of Oxford) ; On the Battle of JJeorhum, by Mr. T. G. P. Hallett ; On Sodbury Camp, by Mr. G. B. Witts. The Rev. W. Bazeley ofi'eied some remarks On the Parallel Marches of Edward J V. and Queen Margaret, and notes by Mr. J. Taylor, On William Tyndale and his Forerunners in Glou- cestershire, were accepted as read.

The final meeting was held in the Guildhall on the morning of Friday, July "27th, the chair being taken, in the absence of the President, by Sir W. V. Guise, Bart. The usual votes of thanks having been passed and acknow- ledged the Society paid a visit to Iron Acton, where a description of the manor and the church was given by the Rector, the Rev. H. L. Thompson. After this the Church of Thornbury was visited, under the guidance of the Rev. T. Waters, the vicar, by whom a paper was read on the structure, the advowson and the incumbents. The President aftei wards received the Society at the castle (which, with the fine gardens, he had thrown open for the inspection of his visitors) and gave some further facts supplementary to the information contained in his inaugural address.

Before the conclusion of the meeting a resolution, proposed by the President and seconded by Sil William. \ . Guise, was unanimously passed, expressing the hope of the Society that the mayor and corporation of Bath may be able to open up the whole extent of the Roman Baths lately un- covered in that city.

The Spring Meeting of the Society was held on May 8th, at Cirencester. A brief visit having been first paid to the Parish Church, under the guidance of the Rev. E. A. rullcr, the members examined the remains of the Hospital of St. John, known as the Paen. Mr. E. C. Sewell gave a brief sketch oi the building and of the history of the foundation, after which, the Weavers' Hall, the Roman Amphitheatre at the Querns, and the collection of Roman i einains in the Museum were examined. In the afternoon an excursion was made to Siddington, South Cerney, Ashton Kevnes, and Cricklade. At the Evening Meeting, in the Assembly Room, at which Sir J. Maclean presided, papers were read by Mr. T. B. Bravendcr ; On Recent Roman Fiuas in Cirencester, and by Mr. E. C. Sewell, On Cirencester during the Civil War, 1042-1044. a.d.

Besides the ordinary meetings of the Society a Special Meeting of the West Gloucestershire Division was held at Ruardean on Monday, Sept. 24th, 1883. Alter Sir J. Maclean had pointed out the objects of interest in the Church of Ruardean, the excursionists proceeded to the Church of W'alford, where, in the absence from illness of the Rev. A. Stonhouse, the vicar, Sir J. Maclean directed attention to many matters of great interest in the building, ;.nd mentioned several persons of fame who had been connected with the church. The next visit was paid to Waif or d Court, an account of the court and manor being given by Miss Shaud. After this Goodrich Castle was visited, and a description of it was read by Sir J. Maclean, who

6 Transactions at Evesham.

gave also some curious information as to its devolution and its lords. At Haslehurst the Society was entertained at tea by Miss Philips.

The financial results of these meetings have been as follows ;— At Bath there was a profit to the Society of £10 14s. 10d., at the Ruardean meeting a profit of £5 12s. 4d., at Cirencester a loss of £1 13s. 6d.— bearing on the whole a gain of £14 13s. 8d.

The second volume of the Berkeley MSS. has been printed and delivered to those members who have paid their subscriptions, and the third volume containing the History of the Hundred of Berkeley is in the press. A third portion has been issued of the Abstracts of the Wills in the Council House at Bristol. The thanks of the Society are due to the Rev. T. P. Wadley for the skill and judgement which he has shewn in making these Abstracts.

Besides the Reports and Transactions of the bodies with which the Society exchanges its own publications, the following works have been added to the library in the year : — The Cotswold Game*, presented by Sir Brook Kay ; A List of Buildings having Mural Decorations (by Mr. C. E. Keyser), presented by the Science and Art Department at South Kensington Museum ; sundry parts of the Journal of the Royal Archaeological Institute and of the Journal of the British Archaeological Association, have been obtained by purchase to complete the Society's sets of these works.

The Council nominates for re-election the President of Council, the Vice-Presidents of Council, and the Secretaries, general, sectional, and local. The Council also nominates Mr. W. Skillicorne as Vice-President in the room of Dr. Wright resigned, and Mr. J. Williams as Sectional Secretary in place of Mr. Nicholls. The following Members of Council retire by rotation : Messrs. R. Lane and J. Reynolds, Major Lawson Lowe, the Revs. W. Symonds and Prebendary Scarth. There are also vacancies on the Council owing to the deaths of Mr. Niblett and Mr. Seys ; and the election of Mr. Skillicorne would create another. The Council has held seven meetings in the course of the year — three at Bristol, three at Gloucester, and one at Evesham. It has to thank the Mayor of Gloucester, the Mayor of Evesham, and the Town Clerk of Gloucester for the accommodation kindly given in the public buildings of these towns for the purposes of its meetings.

On the motion of Mr. DAruent, seconded by Mr. Pritchett, it was resolved : — "That the report just read be adopted, and that the gentlemen whose

nominations are reported be requested to accept office."

Which being seconded and adopted,

The M\M)i: ok GliOUCBSTBE (Mr. K. H. Fryer) moved the following resolution, and in doing so observed that the names contained in it were those of gentlemen who were calculated very much to increase the usefulness ami power of action of the Society : — ''That the following gentlemen be requested to accept the position of members

of the Council Proper :— Mr. R. Lang, Mr. J. Reynolds, Major Lawson

Lowe, the Rev. Prebendary Scarth, the Rev. S. E. Bartleet, Mr. Ernest

Hartland, and Mr. Herbert New."

Mr. Jerom Mirch, in seconding the motion, expressed pleasure, as a member of the Bath Corporation, that the Society, at its meeting there,

Inaugural Address. 7

passed a resolution requesting the Corportion to do all in their power to complete the uncovering of the Roman Bath, because he feared the Corpor- ation required some strong impulse to go on with that important work. He believed, however, that as soon as their funds would allow them to complete the uncovering, they would do so. The meeting would be glad to know that there had been additional discoveries of a very important kind made since the meeting at Bath, and that those discoveries had excited general . interest throughout the country, the excavations having been visited by people, not only from every part of England, but also from distant countries. He might venture here to express a hope that those now present who had not seen the Roman bath at Bath, would take an early opportunity of doing

so.

The resolution was carried unanimously.

Sir John Maclean moved : —

" That the thanks of the Society be given to Mr. E. Stafford Howard, the retiring President, and to Sir W. Guise for presiding on this occasion." In regard to Mr. Howard he might say that although he (air John) was unable on account of indisposition to attend the Bath meeting, the record of the proceedings there showed the most courteous and valuable services rendered by Mr. Howard to the Society on that occassion, not only by his personal intercourse but by contributing a most excellent paper to their Transactions. Of their friend Sir William Guise he need say but little. Sir William was well known to them. By his ready services, his urbanity, and his liberality he had endeared himself to them all.

The motion was seconded by the Rev. F. E. B. Witts, and, on being put to the meeting by Sir John Maclean, was carried by acclamation.

In reply, Sir Wm. Guise begged the meeting to accept his most hearty thanks for the cordial manner in which they had responded to this proposition. He could only assure them that it was to him a matter of the greatest pleasure to be able to forward in any manner that pursuit which they were all so much interested in — that of antiquities, in which their county abounded, and in which this Society had already done so much good work. Many of those present were here as strangers, but he (Sir Wm. ) had been at Evesham often before, and once prepared a paper on the battle-field, but had lost it. However, he was well acquainted with the ground, and was sure that those who had not visited Evesham previously would be greatly gratified by what they would see. There was a great deal that was very interesting. They would rind those among them who would explain extremely well what was unknown to them, and make them thoroughly acquainted with it. After a pause Sir Win. Guise rose, and with a few words expressing confidence that Canon Bourne would make an excellent President, vacated the chair in favour of its occupant for the ensuing year.

Canon BOURNE, who was received with great applause, spoke as follows: Ladies and gentlemen, — Permit me in the first instance to express my regret that it has not fallen to the lot of sonic one more competent than myself to point out the various objects in this neighbourhood which arc of interest to the archaeologist. In endeavouring to carry out the duties allotted to inc, you will, I feel sure, in your kindness, extend to me the indulgence due to one who can only lay claim to a very limited knowledge of archaeology. For

8 Transactions at Evesham.

my own shortcomings you will doubtless find ample compensation in the interesting and intructive papers that will be read to ycu by several gentle- men who have devoted both time and attention to the particular subjects on which they write. The visit of the Bristol & Gloucestershire Archaeological s.i. i. fcy into the county of Worcester is certainly most appropriate ; for in ancient times Gloucestershire and Worcestershire formed the kingdom of Wiccii, or Hwiccas, with Gloucester as the civil capital, and Worcester as the ecclesiastical capital. Not only, too, is Evesham a border town, and the district associated from very early times with the most stirring history of our country, but also prior to the Reformation, the county of Gloucester, with nearly the whole of Bristol, formed part of the diocese of Worcester, and numbers of Worcestershire people appear to have gone and settled at Bristol in order to make their fortunes. There are, too, so many places of historical interest just on the borders of the two counties — enough, indeed, not only to arouse the imagination, but to puzzle the curiosity, of the most earnest archaologist. On the 4th or 5th of August, 1265, a battle was fought close to this town, which, although not ranked among the "fifteen decisive battles of the world," yet with the circumstances immediately preceding exercised an influence over the destinies of this nation which is perhaps felt even to the present day. Simon de Montfort rested the previous night at the Abbe\ of Evesham, and little dreamt, when from the tower hard by he saw the standards borne along round the site of the castle of Chadbury, over the summit of Green Hill, tnat these were the standards of Edward advancing to the rescue of the King. The discovery was soon made, and then there could be no alternative — a battle must be fought. The issue was never in doubt ; the slaughter, no quarter being asked or given, was fearful. It was commonly BUpposed, and 1 believe on good grounds, that formerly the high road from Worcester to London crossed the Avon by a bridge at Oflenham. This bridge, by Edward's orders, had been destroyed ; the fact was unknown to the defeated troops, who rushed to try and escape over it, and were drowned or killed in the meadows close by. The island in the river is called "Dead Man's Ait," to this day. Whether Simon de Montfort was a patriot t.i be admired, or a foolhardy or contemptible traitor, is a question on which different opinions may be entertained ; but perhaps it has been too much overlooked that there was a reju'escntative ecclesiastical parliament ill England long before the days of de Montfort. The ancient synods of the Church appear to have been such; and these were held at Hertford a.d. (>7."i, 680, B94. A great council was called by Winfred, King of Kent, and the Archbishop, 742, 7S5, 7»S. In 978 the " Witan," and in 1002 the King and Witan decreed that tribute should be paid. Let me only further remark that this fertile vale of Evesham at every period seems to have been the battle-field of England. North, south, east, and west, history tells us of some t Qgagement, and the remains so frequently discovered testify to the ■laughter that has taken place. It is curious to notice the various ways in which the name of this town has been spelt. No recently as 170S it IB written "Evesholm" in the parish registers of Broadway. A charter of the ninth century has " Cronuchamme " for Evesham, but this may be mis- writing. Richard 8ymonds,inhis "Diary of the Marches of the Royal Army," a.i>. 10-14, and 1045, preferred " Evesholnie " with the termination "e," while Eewune appears in a will elated 1540. In the decretals of Gregory IX.,

Inaugural Adl-kess. 9

12C6, it is called " Evascn " and " Evescam." In the present day at the rail- way station I have heard the town called Eve-sham Eve-sham, E-sham, and E-sam. A Roman ( rigin has been claimed for this town, but I think we may be content with the date of the foundation of the Abbey in 701 by Egwin Bishop of 'Worcester, aided by the liberality of /Ethelred and Cenred Kings of Mercia ; it was dedicated to the honour of the Virgin Mary — in course of time it became a mitred abbey, and one of the most opulent and celebrated of the Benedictine monasteries in England. There are some beautiful remains of the building, notably, the gateway and the Lichfield tower ; but still more interesting there is a reading-desk — used for the same purpose now in Norton church — cut out of a solid block of marble, and supposed to have been given l)y the Abbot Thomas de Marleberg in the year 1230. Mr. Rudge, in the " Arelucologia," says "The Crozier in the left hand invariably distinguishes a bishop." St. Egwin was the only Abbot of Evesham who enjoyed that dignity. In the will of John Cooksey, of Evesham, made in the 26th year of Henry VIII , there is a clause as follows: — "I remit to my said lord (Lichfield) £7, which he kept in his hands of the yearly fee of 20 shillings given to me by Master Talbott ; " so perhaps the building was carried on by him partly with other people's money. I must refer also to two other wills — the will of Thomas Crompe, of Bretforton, made 8th September, 1530, and containing the clause, " to the building of the new tower of Es : vjs. viijd." ; and that of Henry Ruddyng, rector of Bourton-on-the- Water, dated at E vi sham, Gth of June, 1531, and making an offering to Clement Lychlilde, Abbot of Evesbame, " in novi operis admieulum." It would appear, there- fore, that the tower was not finished in 1530. There will be a paper read giving lull particulars of the abbey. A chantry formerly existed for eight eh:. plains at Elmley Castle, a few miles from Evesham, at the foot of Bredon Hill ; the Abbots of Worcester and Evesham competed for jurisdiction, and it appears that the authority was generally exercised by the former. The monks of Evesham founded a monastery at Odensee, in Denmark, about I 100, as well as at Wearmouth, Jarrow, and Whitby. In later years also they were fond of roaming about, for it is significant that the same John Cooksey by his will leaves money to all those monks who were "at home." With these few remarks upon Evesham, let me draw your attention to the mitred Abbe; of llayles, in the county of Gloucester, and in the district it is proposed to visit. There is record of a church being there in the middle of the twelfth century, but Richard Kail of ( 'ornwall, second son of King John, afterwards King ol tin: Romans, was the founder of the Cistercian monastery in the year 1240. Large sums ol money were expended on it, and the dedication was conducted with great pomp and solemnity. Very little now remains of this once important abbey, nor can even the shape of the building now with accuracy be traced. A subterranean passage was said to exist between the abbey and Coscomb, and also to Beckbury, the camp above Hailes Wood ; but no one in the present day can point out the whereabouts. There is a beautiful little bell cot on the church as it now stands, and there are two Norman pillars at the chancel arch, which are said to have been taken in the tirst instance to the abbey, but removed back at the Dissolution. Here formerly was a seat along the east wall of the church for the communi- cant. . There seems to ha\ e been a sort of fatality hanging over this abbey. The building was destroyed by lire in 1271 ; in 1337 it Buffered considerable

10 Transactions at Evesham.

damage from floods ; in 1540 the monastery fell into the tender hands of

King Henry VIII. 'a commissioners ; since then the painted glass and many

parte of the old building have been transported to Toddington, and the

finely-chiselled stones have been used for the repair of the parish roads ; yet

here repose, or should repose, the ashes of a King, a Queen and their son.

One cannot but reflect to what ignoble purposes the most noble remains may

be turned.

Imperial Caesar, dead and turned to clay,

Might stop a hole to keep the wind away !

I should mention here that the old Salt-way from Droitwich to the coast of Hampshire climbs the Coteswold Hills in the parish of Hailes. In the church of the adjoining parish of Didbrook, some Lancastrians are said to have sought refuge after the battle of Tewkesbury, A.D. 1471, but were brought out and shot down at the west end. The door is perforated with bullet holes. I give the tradition as it was narrated to me. Passing along the side of the hill, in the hundred of Kiftsgate, of which I shall say more presently, we come to the village of Stanway. There is here a large and handsome manor house, in the Tudor style. The banquetting hall is a fine room, and the lodge was built by Inigo Jones, about 1630. Dover, who instituted the Coteswold games, is said to have been buried here, but I think this is a mistake, for the registers of Uarton-on-the-Heath, give a long list of the Dover family, amongst others Mr. Robert Dover, who was buried in 1652. In the adjoining parish of Stanton there are the remains of a large camp, but 1 have been <iuite unable to glean any particulars about it beyond the fact that it is sometimes called " Shenborough Camp," sometimes " Lid- combe," sometimes " Stanton," and is supposed to be the connecting link between Beckbury Camp and WiUersey Camp, both of which are visible from it. There is some old glass in the church of the 15th century. Still keeping under the brow of the hill, we come to Buckland, or "Bocland," because the tenure of the land was by deed in opposition to " Folkland " that held by hearsay of the folk. There is an interesting little church with some curious glass in the windows. Mr. Gambier Tarry, a former president, remarks : — "There are some Hue old seats and tiles, the unusual feature, too, of testers projecting over the seats against the wall, frescoes, and a beautiful Kancte-belle cot." These are described in the Archaeological Transactions of this Society, Tart I., 1879-80, pp. 10 and 11. The manor belonged to the Abbey of Gloucester, and I do not find mention made of any other property in the neighbourhood in the possession of that house. x The counties of Glou- cester and Worcester are in this district very much intermixed, and we shall enter the latter in the parish of Broadway. The ancient road to London passed by the old church; but now the village is so far distant that a new church, in a more convenient situation, has been built, and the venerable old building of the latter part of the 12th century is only used daring the summer months for service. A paper will be read on our visit to the church. In contrast to the care which is bestowed upon this sacred edifice, let me call attention to the almost ruinous state of the building called "the Grange." Alas, this once cosy retreat of the Abl>ots of I'crshore is falling to decay, and unless some means are speedily taken to preserve

1 I have binee learnt that the adjoining Manor of Ilinton also belonged to the Abbot of Clouci

Ixahgukal Address. 11

it this relic of the 14th century will soon be a ruin and a building of the past. The drive up Broadway Hill is rather steep. On the top is a small Inn, with the sign of "The Fish" — either " lucus a 11011 lucendo " — or to keep up the old saying " as thirsty as a fish," which you certainly will he after walking up. The Downs on the top, before enclosure, must have been very extensive. Here both Cavalier and Roundhead were often alternately encamped, and there is a despatch in existence from Lord Digby, dated Broadway Downs, .17th of June, 1644. On the top of the hill, but in the parish of Willersey, and consequently in the county of Gloucester, looking over the Vale of Evesham, are the remains of a very large camp. In extent it is more than GO acres, and is said by Rudder to have been formed during the Danish ravages. On two sides the camp is naturally defended, on the other two it must have been strongly fortified, for there are evidences of double entrenchments. It is said that here the Mercians were encamped before the battle which took place between them and the West Saxons, at a spot which still retains the. name of Battle Bridge, in the parish of Chipping Campden, in the hamlet of Berrington, which probably takes its name from the barrows or " tumuli" raised over the bodies of the slain. Guthrum, the Danish King, spent a whole year in Gloucestershire, and it may be that the record of one of the engagements with Alfred about A.D. 877 has thus been traditionally preserved. Within the camp is a large long-barrow running east and west. Through the kindness and liberality of Mr. Chadwiok, the owner of the property, tins barrow was in some measure opened ten days ago. The outside walls on the north and south sides were clearly traced, and some very large stones were found at the east end. A few bones were discovered under the largest stone. These have been carefully preserved, and the opening, so far as it went, has been left for your inspection. In the adjoining parish of Saintbury (or as it is called in the Doomsday book Swineberie, that is Swine's camp) there is a smaller camp, probably an outlying work, as it is connected with the larger one in Willersey. Fosbroke calls it Danish. But by the side of these two camps runs the ancient road of Buckle Street, or Buggilde Street. Mr. Witta has traced this road from Ryknield Street, which runs near Bidford to its junction with the Kossway, near Bourton-on-the- Water, and says it is first mentioned in a Saxon charter dated 70!). Rudder attributes all these entrenchments to the Danish locusts, who for many years desolated the country, but 1 think there can be no doubt that both here and on Meon Hill these camps may have been British, were undoubtedly Roman, and were afterwards occupied by both Saxons and Danes. Driving on, now on the top of the hill we come to the parish of Weston Suhcdge, with which 1 am more immediately connected, and l>y the route I hope we shall take to-morrow it will be entered near to a very celebrated locality — namely, Kifts-gate, from which the Hundred takes its name. The position was formerly called " The Narrows," and the meaning of the word may be derived from the old Celtic word " Cefn" — a ridge — as this accurately describes the tongue of land ou which it stood. Alas ! the gate lias gone, the post alone remains. 1 believe it is the intention of hold Gainsborough, on whose property it stands, care- fully to preserve this ancient relic. In former days the court of the hundred or Wapentake was assembled here for the administration of justice, as well as for military purposes, and evidently the place of assembly for such business must have been of considerable importance. I have reason to believe that

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the building of the "navy ami body" said pariah ohuivh. 1!

useful it would be now, for a bazaar is Wing held, to raise funds for the same purpose ! There is a large handsome brass in memory of William Orevel. whose will was proved in 1401. and is in the Lambeth Palace Library in Archbishop Arundel's Register*. Vol. I. folio ISo. in which he desires to be buried in the church of the blessed Mary of Cempdeu, and bequeaths 100 marks "ad novum opus faciendum." One other place remains for DM to mention, namely Meon Hill, an offshoot of the Coteswolds, at the very end oi the range : here the West Sax. mis were encamped before their engagement with the Mercians already referred to — said to have been formed by them, but I think now it is generally admitted that this previously was ■ Roman camp. I beg now to thank yon for listening to the few remarks 1 had to make, not with the idea that I could add anything to what was already known, but with a view to draw attention to some of the places we pro; to visit : and if perchance 1 have succeeded, even in the least degree, I shall feel grateful to the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society for the compliment paid in electing me president for the current year, and to those kind visitors who have honoured us with their presence to-day.

The Rev. J. R.ws Barkkr said he had the pleasing duty of proposing a

vote of thanks to the president for his able and interesting address. The people of Evesham congratulated themselves that it had pleased this Society to pay the town a visit, and they believed it was partly in consequence of their having chosen this year as their president the Kev. Canon bourne. Be did not think they could have seleete.l a more interesting neighbourhood.

though, perhaps, they might have selected one in which on some matters they might have obtained more able exponents of the things to be seen there, Canon Bourne had with great ability given them a description of many

things which they would see during their visit, and had communicated

especially interesting matter in regard to his own parish oi Weston Subedge, Touching upon the Borough of Evesham, he remarked that much of the greatness of the town as to architectural matters was departed. They would no doubt saj that the town had some verj beautiful things remaining : yet, doubtless, if thej could have seen the noble abbey, with its glorious tower and beautiful chapter house crowning thebiov of the hill, overhanging the river, dwarfing the bell tower, and making the two churches still in existence

appear like small chapels, they would at Once admit the force of what he

said. In conclusion, Mr. Barker laid he should have much pleasure in guiding the Society over the two churches, though he should <\o so with much diffidence,

Mr. Herbert New, in seconding the motion, said it gave him .meat pleasure to see the Society at Evesham. They earn.' to help the inhabitants in this little and almost obscure town in just the way he hit thej wanted help. They needed to be reminded of their historical associations, of the valuable things that lay about them, and of those matters relating to the past, in which it was most wholesome For all of them, especially in the course of th< ir education, to feel a growing Interest. True patriotism to his mind consisted in reverencing the past as well as in preparing foi the future, and societies like this tended to ehev them what thej ought to reverence and support, and to Inspire them with tin Feelings to which he had allude. 1.

11 Transactions at Evesham.

Mr. New went on to speak of the intended visit of the Society to Mr. Rudge's grounds and the battlefield, acknowledging the kindness of Mr. Rudge in permitting him to take the Society, as he said, wherever he (Mr. New) pleased. Referring to the collection of remains of the abbey deposited in the manor grounds, he explained that they were collected and removed thither from the Cross Churchyard some 50 or 60 years ago by the present lord of the manor's grandfather, who no doubt regarded this preservation of the remains as an act of reverence towards them, but unfortunately in those days archaeological studies were not so complete as at present, or else he (Mr. New) believed those columns, coffins, and other fragments of architecture would have been very much better left in the place where they were found. If they could still open the site of the abbey and show what was underground it would, like St. Mary's at York, enable those who had studied the subject, in the mind's eye to realise the august buildings which had been swept from the face of the earth. In walking among the fragments on Green Hill, they must indulge their imagination with a little restraint, for before they could picture the abbey they must carry the remains back to the place from which they were taken. Thus a double act of imagination must be performed before they could complete the picture of the past. However, it was well that these things should be preserved at all. The present Mr. Rudge's grandfather was a most learned and excellent conservator of antiquities, and did much that was worthy of all esteem in preserving memorials for their historical reference. Having briefly adverted to the site of the battlefield, he recurred to the motion, observing that Canon Bourne stood amongst them as one of their most honoured neighbours, and he had great pleasure in thanking him for delivering to the people of Evesham, as well as to the members of the Archaeological Society, the admirable address to which they had listened.

The motion was put to the meeting by the mayor, and carried amid applause.

The PRESIDENT acknowledged the compliment, observing, in the course nt his remarks, that he was glad to notice that steps were being taken to establish in Evesham a binary, to which persons who occupied the position he then filled might refer for information to make use of at future visits of Archaeological Societies.

The meeting then concluded.

Visit to the Churches, Abbey Site, and Battlefield.

Luncheon at the Institute was followed by a visit under the guidance of the Vicar, the Rev. J. R. Barker, to the Abbey precincts. Unfortunately min descended copiously during a great part of the afternoon, and the inspection of the interesting remains of the ecclesiastical greatness of Bvesbam was a Bomewhat uncomfortable process. Nevertheless the mem- In rs (if the Society turned out in force, and listened with evident attention to Mr.Barker's clear and in many eases detailed elucidations of what was to be Been. Passing under the old Norman gateway, on one side of which an excavation had been made to shew the full depth of the piers, the party • nti nd the restored church of All Saints, where the mortuary chapel of Abbot Lichfield, the beautiful stained glass, the small lights in the east and west walls of the nave, and other noteworthy objects were duly pointed out.

KVKSIfAM ABBKY.

15

The parish room was next visited, and here the parish registers, which date from 1538 and are beautifully written and well preserved, were exhibited. The Vicar also exhibited the following inscription on a brass plate, evidently part of a monumental brass : — " Orate pro animabus Roberti AVyllys et uxoris ejus Agnetis, quorum animabus propitiator dens. Amen." The vicar called attention to the fact that Robert Wyllys was vicar of All Saints 1545-85, and this inscription is evidence that the use of prayers for the dead was then still practised. The Rev. C. W. Barclay said he thought it possible .that the inscription, which appeared to be at least a century older than 1585, commemorated an earlier namesake of the vicar of All Saints.1 Mr. Barker

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There is nothing to shew the identity oi Robert Wyllys, the vicar, with the Robert Wyllys of the inscription, and the persons commemorated may have been the parents or other ancestors of the priest, especially as, in the opinion oi Mr. Barclay, the characters of the inscription are of an earlier date than 1585. Besides, in clerical descriptions, it is usual to state the office of the deceased. Nevertheless, supposing the memorial to be that of the vicar its terms would not necessarily be inconsistent. He would tint, of course, have been married in 1545 when he was insituted to the benefice, but the Act 2 and :t Edw. VI., Cap. 21, which, though Strongly discouraging, permitted the elertry to marry, enahlcd him to do so. Nor is there any difficulty with respect to the terms of the inscription itself, for Prayers for the Dead have nowhere been forbidden bj the Church o! England and have never been wholly discontinued (see Judgment of Sir Herbert .ii-mur Fust in Breeksvm, Wooljrey. Eccletiagtieal Report! ; and Epitaph of Dr. Isaac Barrow, Bishop of St. Asaph, and many others,) and it is nut probable that Mr. Wyllys, Us a Priest of the Old Religion, would relin- quish the practice.— Ed.

10 Transactions at Evesham.

exhibited an old print of St. Lawrence's Church, which shewed the deplorable condition into which the building had been allowed to fall through neglect, and of its subsequent restoration. An examination of St. Lawrence's, close at hand, followed, and here the beautiful baptistry and the east window, both of which are by tradition ascribed to Clement Lichfield, virtually the last of the Evesham Abbots, were much admired. En passant the Vicar said he hoped that the rather unsightly pews would ere long be got rid of. He also gave an interesting description of the remarkable changes which the building had undergone, and pointed out the tower, dating probably from the 13th century, as worthy of notice. The Abbey site was next visited, the party passing for that purpose underneath Lichfield's beautiful Bell Tower, which, with the two churches, forms a striking architectural group. Mr. E. S. Ridsdale, a local architect, had kindly staked out the ground in the Cross Churchyard, so as to shew the plan of the abbey as set forth by the late Mr. Rudge after his excavations already referred to. Taking his stand on the spot formerly occupied by the great tower, Mr. Barker was enabled to give an intelligible idea of the vast extent and noble proportions of the old edifice as it probably appeared just before the Dissolution. The arch, which may be described as yet standing in the outer wall of the eastern cloister, formerly led through a spacious vestibule to the chapter house. It is of transition character from Early English to Decorated, of about the end of the 13th century. The arch is of the drop form, the mouldings being filled with small canopied niches with figures in them, all of which are much mutilated (F'nj. J.) The only relic of the abbey church now standing was examined with great interest, and in the gardens the trees planted by Mr Rudge on the site of the nave pillars and on the spot where Abbot Henry's remains were found were duly pointed out. Mr. Barker explained that there were three abbeys built in succession on that site. The first, which was Saxon, was built in 701, and the second, chiefly Saxon, begun in 960, anil continued till 1011, was taken down by the abbot appointed after the Conquest, who built a grand Norman structure in its place. The Abbey Tower, the vicar said, was known to have been twice re-built, and Mr. F. Tomes remarked that it should lie remembered that it was this, and not the Bell Tower, to which Simon de Montfort sent some one from which to view the approaching forces previous to the battle of Evesham. By the courtesy of Mr. E. Byich the Society was then conducted through the house which occupies the spot where formerly stood the grand crenelated gate of the abbey, some remains of which were inspected at the rear and in the interior of the building.

At four o'clock the party proceeded in carriages to the Abbey Manor grounds, which were entered through the gardener's cottage. The hail, which contained the abbot's chair and some remarkable gurgoyles from the abbey, were first examined. Prom the lawn a view of Lichfield tower with the river

and plaill beyond was obtained. Mr. Berber! New, who now acted as guide,

calling attention to the isolated character of the battle-field. The museum, containing numerous relics from the abbey and battlefield, was examined with int. were the stone coffin? and fragments of pillars and arches

arranged outside. Arrived at the obelisk commemorating the battle of R e lion. Mr. New described the disposition of the forces prior to the struggle, illn-t i .it ing his remarks by means of a map of the field and its neighbourhood, ■■pi' of which were distributed amongst tlio.se present. His view of the

The Annual Dinner. 17

subject was, as on the occasion of the visit of the British Archaeological Society in 1875, questioned on some points by the Rev. Canon Wilmington Ingram, who was called upon by Mr. New to address the meeting. ' Leaving the grounds the .Society passed into an adjoining field, where from the path Mr. New pointed out Battlewell, now a small horse-pond, which is supposed to have been the place where Simon de Montfort fell. Great miracles were said to have been performed at the well, animals as well as men and women, it is stated, having been cured there of various diseases. The body of Simon de Mont- fort, after being dismembered, was buried near the high altar of the abbey, but, as stated by one of the chronicles, afterwards removed and cast away as unworthy of burial. Mr. New also remarked at this point that he had looked into his old authorities, but was unable to come round to Canon Wilmington Ingram's view as to the battle. An offer was made to guide any of the party who choose to go to the well and thence into the road, but in the wet state of the grass no one accepted the invitation, and the return journey to Evesham was commenced.

Canon Bourne presided at the Annual Dinner of the Society, which was held in the evening in the Farmers' and Merchants' Hall. There were about fifty ladies and gentlemen present, the vice-chairs being occupied by Mr. Herbert New and Mr. W. Smith. After dinner the President in a few graceful sentences proposed the loyal toasts, and then gave " Success to the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society." He said there was one gentleman present (Sir Win. Guise) who took so much interest in the meet- ing of the Society, and brought such great and varied knowledge to bear upon the subjects discussed, that they must look upon him quite as father of the Society. Unfortunately the weather had been wet for their visit to the Abbey and Battle Field, but none of them could have listened to what had been told them without the greatest and deepest interest. It was a great pleasure to him to hear that there was some difference of opinion as to the way in which the battle was fought, and be hoped, as both his friends (Mr. New ami Canon Ingram) lived so near him, he should hear both sides of the question very often. He coupled with the toast the name of Sir W. Guise, Bart.

Sir W'.m. Guise, in responding, said he laboured under some difficulty inasmuch as the toast concerned themselves, but the duty he had been entrusted with was a very welcome one, because it gave him the opportunity of returning thanks to those who had received the Society so well that day. They could not command the weather, but it was quite apparent that the day had been a very interesting one in spite of the rain. He thought such differences as they had bad in reference to the battle-field were most advan- tageous, because what was the use of that Society if they did not contend for what they believed was the truth ? He repeated the thanks of the members for the hospitable and courteous welcome they had met with at Evesham.

The Haul of Gainsborough proposed the health of the President, the Rev. Canon Bourne. He observed that it was a matter of congratulation that the Society had been able to secure the services of one so interested in the neighbourhood, and so able to discuss its antiquities. His lordship added

Vol. IX., part 1. c

18 Transactions at Evesham.

that he regretted not to have heen able to accompany the Society through the whole of the programme that day, but he was glad to know that a pleasant and satisfactory afternoon had been spent in spite of the bad weather.

The PRESIDENT, in the course of a genial response, spoke of the pleasure with which he had endeavoured to the best of his ability to discharge the duties entrusted to him, and said he hoped this would not be the last time that Societies like the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society would visit the neighbourhood, for there were parts of the Coteswold district which for want of easy access had hitherto not been explored and were almost entirely unknown. If the inhabitants had the opportunity of seeing the members of this Society at Evesham again, and it pleased God to spare his life, he should be only too happy to do what he could to forward their views and to give such facilities as he could for the examination of the neighbourhood.

Sir Wm. Guise, in cordial terms, proposed the healths of the General Secretaries.

The Rev. W. Bazeley 6rst responded, simply saying that as long as he remained their secretary he would do his utmost for the advancement of the Society and the comfort of the members.

The Rev. Dr. Caldicott replied in a similar strain, adding, however, that the praise given by Sir Wm. Guise to the general secretaries was really due to the local secretaries, who had with great care and attention worked out the whole of the details of the meeting, and whose valuable services they ought to heartily acknowledge. With the President's permission he gave the health of the Local Secretaries, which was cordially drunk.

Mr. Herbert New suitably responded on behalf of Mr. R. F. Tomes and himself, and the company then separated.

Evening Meeting.

At half-past eight o'clock a meeting for reading Papers was held in the Town Hall, the President in the chair. The subject of the first contribution was Tin' Church of St. Michael, Buclcland, read by the Rev. Philip Norris, Rector of that parish : —

The church at Buckland is dedicated to St. Michael. It is said that churches so dedicated should stand upon an eminence (though as a matter of fact they do not all so stand), and this church is situated upon rising ground at the ba.se of the bold escarpment of the Coteswold Hills. It formerly belonged to the Abbiy of St. Peter, Gloucester. When the present rector came lie found, forming a portion of the churchyard wall, an ancient massive stone, measuring about 8 ft. long by '2 ft. (> ins. deep by about 2 ft. wide, handsomely and boldly carved on the sides and ends in qnatrefoils and mouldings. This stone he supposed to have been an altar tomb, and originally to base occupied a position at the east end of the south aisle. He had had it moved to a good position and placed upon a basement of masonry. In the churchyard are the steps of the ancient cross. The cross itself has disap- peared, and though dilligent search has been made for its fragments no portion of it had yet been found. It is said that formerly butter, eggs,

Tiik Church of St. Michael. 19

poultry, &c, were sold on the steps of the cross in a sort of small market, and that there used to he a wake held yearly in the churchyard, widely known as " Buckland Wake.-' Over the porch there is a small niche which probably once contained an image of St. Michael, the patron saint. On the apex of the gable at the east end of the nave is a bell-cote, which con- tained the sacring bell,1 which was rung at the elevation of the Host. This lull was removed many years ago into the tower, and is now known by the name of the ting-tang. There are on the tower four gurgoyles of grotesque design, though they are handsomely and nobly carved. The church itself consists of a spacious and lofty nave, with north and south aisles, a chancel of good proportion, a tower at the west end of the nave, and a porch adjoining the centre of the north aisle. It is supposed to have been originally a Norman building, consisting of only a nave and a chancel. There are two lines of drip-stones in the masonry of the tower, visible from the interior of the church, which show that the pitch of the early roof was more steep than at present. In the 1 3th century the aisles of the nave and arcades were added — then the lower part of the tower — and in the 15th century the clerestory and roofs of the nave and aisle, the Perpendicular windows inserted in the north and south walls, the porch, and the ancient oak seating in the nave. The roofs were then covered with lead. Upon examining the stonework of the tower, we come to the conclusion that the next alteration was the addition of the upper stage of it. and probably at the same time the present ring of six bells was hung. Then, perhaps, in the beginning of the 17th century the western gallery and some of the seating in the aisles with their three remarkable tester heads of carved oak. We may here state that the modern high pews (of which there were five, two of which, with the reading desk, blocked up the view of the chancel), the lofty three-decker pulpit, and the elevated reading desk, were removed about two years ago, and new oak seating was constructed to match the 15th century benches in the rest of the church. These ancient benches remain, for the most part, as they were first erected (though sadly decayed in place.-) and they are fine specimens of thoroughly good old English workman- ship, with their rich, deep-moulded rails, and elegantly carved upright ends on pannelling, deep set. The ancient tiles on the floor remain, for the

1 The late learned Dr. Rock, in treating- of the celebration of the Mass, thus writes of the SanctUB Bell : -If not during St. Osmund's days (1070-1099) soon after, at least, the custom was, ;is the prii st said the Sanetus, etc., to toll three strokes on a hell. For hanging it so that it he heard outside, as well as within the church, a little hell-cote often may yet he found built OH the peak of the gable between the chancel and the nave, that the rope might fall at a short distance from the spot where knelt the youth or person who served at Mass. From the first part of its use this hell got the name of the " Saints," " Sanctys," or ".Sanetus,'' lull; and many notices concerning it are to he met with in old accompts. At the other Masses in the chantry ehapels, and at the different altars about the church, a small hand bell was employed for this among other liturgical uses (('lunch of our Fathers,

Vol. III. p. L68). Farther on he Bays, referring again to the use of the Sanetus bell, "but for the elevation at all other Masses, little hand-bells, sometimes made ol silver and called " Sacring bells," were employed, maj be too, a small bell used to be hung somewhere nigh the altar for liturgical purposes. On hearing the sacring bell's Bret tinkle, those in church, Who were not already on their knees, knelt down, and with Upraised hands, Worshipped their .Maker in the holy housel lifted on high before them." Hi.

The Council of Exeter, A,D. 12S7, decreed that in every church there should be "Campanclla daferenda ad intirnios et ad clevationem corporis christi."— Wil kins' CvHcila

1. 139.— Ep.

•-'

20 Transactions at Evesham.

most part, as they were first laid down, but much worn and cracked in every direction. They have been carefully copied on tracing paper, and are found to contain the Royal arms, the arms of Beauehamp, of Bryan, of Phillipps, &c. The most curious devices arc conies' heads, arranged as a triangle with a net between them— piles, represented by three vertical strokes, letters which have not yet been deciphered — chequers and bulls' heads.

The walls throughout appear to have been painted, but they have, from time to time, been thickly coated with whitewash ; nevertheless, in places the paintings shew through. In one place appears the rose-en-soliel, one of the well known badges of Edward IV., which indicates the date at which these decorations were made. In another compartment is a very large painting representing scenes from scripture history, our Saviour bearing the cross, the day of judgement, &c. This latter has been half defaced by order of the late Sir Thomas Phillipps in his zeal against all he considered Popish. In another place is a portion of the 12th chapter of Ecclesiastes in the old translation : " Heare the conclusion of the whole matter, &c." A few latin words also appear. Perhaps the latest of the inscriptions is the following, in large letters, from the " Bidding Prayer " : " Yee shall praie fl'or the High & Mightie Prince, James by the Grace of God, &c. ," stating all his titles at great length, " whom may God longe presearve to raigne over vs."

The roofs of the nave and aisles are of oak, richly carved, and shew remains of bright coloured decorations. In one place is a remarkable device carved in oak, representing a knotted cord, symbolizing the union knot of peace between the rival houses of York and Lancaster.1 Parallel to this is the Tudor rose. The rood-loft staircase remains in the south pier of the chancel arch. An aumbry has recently been opened in the east wall of the chancel. It was carefully boarded over and whitewashed to match the rest of the wall surface.

At the east end of the north aisle is a good example of an Early-English lancet window, and below it on the north side is a small desk to which a black letter copy of Foxe's Book of Martyrs was formerly chained. The rusty staple and two or three links of the chain are still attached to it. The book itself had been removed, but has been recovered, though re-bound in a modern style. There is a piscina at the east end of each of the aisles, and there may have been chapels screened oli'.-

Many fragments of ancient monuments have been found, and to preserve them tliey have been placed as a basement for the Parish Chest, which is an ancient and curious coffer with two locks.

There is much to admire and to study in the painted glass of the east window, which, though small in size, is rich and varied in colour. There arc- three lights in which the subjects are Baptism, Marriage, and Extreme Unction. Many figures are represented iu each, of which a bishop, episco- pally vested and wearing his mitre, is the most conspicuous. His pastoral stall is borne by an attendant priest, whilst another ecclesiastic holds the

1 We do licit tenon of any such badge ol the union of the two houses, which is coin- memorated by the double rose. The deuce would appear to be simply an architectural decoration, Ki>.

•J It does not appear from the Chantry Certificates that a chantry was ever founded in Ihis church (see ante Vol. vm. Chantry Certificates)— bd.

The CmiRcn of St. Michael. 21

book from which he reads. Ill the marriage sceue is a representation of the ancient baldaquin over the altar, enriched with a row of jewels around the top, which, in the rich colours of the glass, have the appearance of real gems. Several of the figures in each of the subjects are so closely alike that possibly they may be portraits, and commemorate events in the history of some family.

The wall of the north aisle at the back of the seats has been panelled at the expense of two parishioners as testified by the following memorial : Thomas : Izzard : and : James : Sowthom : of : thayr : ozim : chary : have : geven : this : benchin : and : wainscot : to : Church .' in : the : yere : of: our : Lord : 1615.

The holy water stoup remains in the porch.

Two or three questions having been asked by Sir John Maclean, the Rev. Canon Wilmington Ingram said he rather wished that Mr. Norris had pointed out a rather interesting feature in his own house. He remembered dining there with some clerical friends when the house was quite in the oldest style, and directly over their heads was a rose carved in wood. A very remarkable illustration of the old proverb sub rosa, meaning, he sup- posed, that anything talked of at that table should never go out. Another feature of Buckland was that the property belonged to Sir T. Gresham, the builder of the Royal Exchange, in Queen Elizabeth's time, and passed from him to the Thynnes.

The Rev. W. Bazeley pointed out that Mr. Norris's subject was the church, and he had kept to it. He alluded to the interesting window, observing that he anticipated that it would throw a great deal of light on tin- history of the church and the parsonage house.

The Rev. P. Norris having intimated that Mrs. Norris was preparing a very miniature museum of curiosities for the inspection of the Society on their visit to Buckland, the President mentioned a curious cup, and the Rev. J. R. Barker an interesting cope at the parsonage, hoping that they would form part of the collection, and Mr. Norris promised that they should.

The President said that the Society was much obliged to Mr. Norris for his paper upon what was one of the most interesting churches in the district. He had excited their curiosity, and would be inundated with questions when the members came to examine the church, but no doubt Mr. Norris would be able to answer their inquiries.

The Rev. W. Bazeley then read a Memoir of the History of the Manor and Advowson of Buckland, which, as enlarged, will be printed in this volume.

The PRESIDENT having thanked Mr. Bazeley for his important contri- bution, which contained several new facts, the Rev. Canon Wilmington Ingrain read the subjoined paper on The Briton, the Roman, and the Saxon in the Vale of Evesham.

" In the upper gravel of the terraces running parallel with the Avon, and containing the bones and teeth of the elephant, rhinoceros, reindeer, and other mammals, a neolithic race lias left faint but certain tokens of its

23 Thansactiovs at Evesham.

residence. These savages lived in pit dwellings, probably surmounted by wattled beehive-like constructions. A unique chlorite slate guard to protect the wrist against the rebound of the bowstring found on the floor of one of their wigwams in the hamlet of Aldington, shews that the inhabitants were archers, and obtained animal food by the chase. That they had also ad- vanced so far in the habits of civilized life as to grow corn for themselves may be also inferred from the discovery of two dome-shaped querns lying near the wristguards. Their practice of cremation prevents us arriving at the knowledge whether they were of a long or a round-headed race, but a gracefully-shaped and elegantly-indented urn of unbaked clay, in which were deposited the ashes of the dead, found near Charlton, intimates that, like the early cave dwellers, they had made some progress in art. The mounds raised over their sepulchral places have long ago been levelled by the plough, but such names of fields as Barrow, Bury-Lenches, and Round Hill in the parish of Harvington, testify to their sites, and a fine flint axe found in a field in that locality was no doubt turned up by the deeper furrow of the steam plough from one of those levelled burial spots. Clay paint-pots indicate that they painted their bodies, and stone beads formed part of the rude ornaments of these ancient Britons, who, in course of time, changed their stone axes for bronze celts, some of which have been brought to light near Charlton, and in the parish of Church Lench. A bronze wedge, discovered near Knowle Hill, is a further evidence of their progress. The Roman invasion found these inhabitants of our vale absorbed in the Celtic races, and raised to a higher degree of civilization under the government of chiefs or kings, and the teaching of the Druids, whose great temple now styled the Rollright stones, lay not far remote, and another of whose sacred stones gave in Saxon times the name Gretestane to a hundred of Gloucestershire, now included in the larger hundred of Kiftsgate. This stone, like the King and Queen stones on the Bredon Hill, revered for its old Druidical associations, was no doubt in later times the place of meeting of the Saxon Hundredmoot. The Roman subjugation of the Yale of Evesham was commenced in the reign of Claudius by Ostorious Scapula, who, Tacitus says, began to restrain the inhabitants on the banks of the Severn and the Avon by a chain of forts. He may have made use of the hill fortresses of the Dobuni on the Coteswold and Bredon heights for that purpose. The Vale of Evesham, lying between the pleasant Roman town of Alauna, or Alcestcr, and the strong walled cities of Corinium anil < ilevum, (Cirencester and Gloucester, ) became during the later occupation of the Romans, dotted by their villas or manor houses. The site of one of them, Originally occupied by a British settlement, may be traced by fragments of Roman pottery and Roman coins at Knowle Hill, in the parish of Bengeworth, and the name of Norville given to fields in the parishes of Offenham and South Littleton suggests the former existence of Roman villas cm those spots. Places called Vineyard, in Bengeworth, and South and Middle Littleton parishes point to the Roman culture of the vine in those Localities which afterwards was continued by the Evesham monks. Cogent arguments may l>e given in support of an opinion that the many Roman relics and coins found at BlackminBter, particularly in a field called Blackbank, may mark out the site of the lost station of ad Antonani, which one \ ersiou ol Richard of ( lirencester's [tinerai y describes as twenty Roman miles from < rlevum, or Gloucester. Mr. May has placed it at Overbuy, which certainly cannot be

Vat.e of Evesham. 23

said to be ad Antonam at the Avon ; and Mr. Allies, at Eckington, on the Avon, but considerably more than fifteen miles from Alcester, which is the measurement fixed in the Itinerary between that town and the station. Blackminster being near Ryknield Street, the direct Roman road from Alcester to Gloucester, and about twenty miles from the latter town, and nearly fifteen miles distant from the summer camp of the garrison of Alauna at Great Alne, from which the Roman general, whose notes supplied Richard of Cirencester with his Itinerary may have started, and being in the valley of the Avon, may, with great probability, be supposed to be the lost ad Antonam. Dr. Stukely fixes its site at Evesham, but if he had been aware of the Roman relics and coins ranging from the early to the later emperors scattered over the fields extending from Blackminster nearly to the Avon, I believe he would have transferred its position to the left bank of that river. The discovery of a bronze figure of a boar near Welford, points to the former existence of a temple of Diana, the Roman tutelary goddess of the neighbour- ing forest of Arden. The Saxons, after Ceawlin's crushing defeat of the Britons, 577, at Deorham, and the consequent capture of the towns of Corinium and Glevum, and the death of Cutha in the battle with the Britons at Fretherne, 584, advanced into the Vale of Evesham. But though history gives no record of the fearful struggle for that fertile district, yet the soil yields unmistakable evidence of the stubborn defence by the Romano-British inhabitants. On the southern slopes of Cleeve Hill, in the parish of South Littleton, in scattered places in the soil, have been found many skeletons with the iron bosses of their mouldered wicker shields under their heads, gilded bronze brooches on their shoulders, iron spear heads by their sides, and clay or wooden cups in their hands. These were doubtless the skeletons of heathen Saxons who were pursued by the relentless enemies whom they had invaded, and struck down in flight, and buried where they fell with their armour, weapons, and drinking cups, ready to renew their fierce contest and wild drinking bouts in the hall of Walhalla. Bodies similarly buried have been found near the passage of the Avon at Bidford. This appearance of hasty burial shows that the dead must have fallen in war time, otherwise they would base been deposited in stone cists as the heathen Saxons are found sepulchred near Ebrington. During the final conquest of the Vale by the Saxons the wooden monastery or mission station, which gave the name to Blackminster, was probably burnt, and the monks slaughtered as the monks of Bangui' were by the lie ice soldiers of Ethelfrid. The Hwiccas, who thus became established in their tuns and hams in this district, were an industrious race, and at the time of the Domesday survey were cultivating the greatest part of the soil of the vale with their eight-oxen ploughs, ex- tending their husbandly up the sides of the Coteswold Hills in places like that called Weston Subedge, the Lenches, which name marks the site of the unsown ridges between the strips of land belonging to different owners, but massed together in viigatcs or yard-lands for the convenience of coaration under the three-field system by the common ploughs provided by the lord of the manor or the village community. Aldington, called Aldinton, in the chronicle of the Abbey of Evesham, was no doubt so styled from a settlement of a tribe probably by the Romans deported there, the Aldingas, traces of w I ii isc name have been found in the territory of Wurtenberg. Their appel- lation may have been derived from the alder tree being the token of the '

•24 Transactions at Evesham.

clan, as the ^Escingas of Kent owed their name to the ash. With this exception I cannot clearly discover the tokens of tribal communities or clan settlements in the eastern part of our vale. A faith in the old British mythology seems to have lingered among the British serfs employed on the Saxon manors. The three ladies, one as tall and splendid as the sun, who appeared to Bishop Egwin's swine-herd in the depths of the dark wood which was then included in the Fisseberge or the fir-clad lulls hundred, after- wards called the Blaokenhurst or Black Forest hundred, seem to have attracted his reverence, as the supposed apparition of the three mother goddesses, Dea? matres, in whose honour the Roman soldiers in Britain erected so many votive altars. Even the good Bishop Egwin, when, distressed by false aspersions on his character, he manacled his legs together, and throwing the key of the fetterlock into the Avon, started on his pilgrimage to Rome, was no doubt influenced to perform this extravagant act by his recollection of an old custom which the Saxons brought with them from the Baltic. For Tacitus says that among the Semmones it was not lawful for anyone to enter their sacred grove without being bound by a chain, and that if he fell he was not allowed to be lifted up or to rise, but he had to roll himself along the ground. With these remarks I will bring to a conclusion my paper which I trust may lead to further discoveries in the direction which I have pointed out and add some interest to the excursions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society across our beautiful vale."

A brief discussion followed, after which the meeting terminated.

THURSDAY, 24th July, 1884.

This day a carriage excursion was made to Broadway Church and Grange of Pershore Abbey, Willersey and Saintbury Camps, and Chipping Campden, returning to Evesham, via Aston Subedge, Weston Subedge and Badsey. With as near an approach to punctuality as the exigencies of providing carriage accomodation for the large party assembled would permit, a start was made from the Institute with much apprehension as to the prospect of the weather. The sun shone out in those fitful gleams which indicate much atmospheric disturbance and heavy storms, and these were not wanting in the afternoon, but fortunately the party obtained shelter when they occurred. The drive to Broadway was very pleasant, the atmospheric con- ditions being most favourable to clear views of the charming scenery through winch the visitors passed. The first halt was made at the old Grange of the Abbots of Pershore, attached by them to the Vicarage of Broadway in the 14th century, at which period, and probably contemporaneously, the Grange was built, and the pre-existing church enlarged or re-built and restored to the condition which it now mainly presents. On arriving at the Grange, which, thougli now in a woeful condition of dilapidation, bears abundant proof of its origin and uses, Mr. [saac Averill, on the invitation of the President, read BOine notes on the building, explaining that he did not claim originality for them, as they were published on the visit of the British Archaeological Association to this place in lSTo.1

1 These notes are l>y Mr. .i.>im Kobinson, and are oi much interest. They are printed in Vol. X.WII , p. 437, of the Journal of the Association. It is there stated that the building is of the 14th century, ami in a fair state of preservation. If so, it has much changed since, shewing how lankily decay takes place if no means are adopted to cheek it.- El).

Broadway Chtrcii. 25

After the reading of these notes, the party made an inspection of the building, finally assembling in its front and unanimously expressed deep regret that a building of such great interest should have been suffered to fall into such a condition of approaching ruin. An announcement that the propei-ty belonged to Mr. Halliwell Phillipps, inspired hope that it might ere long be placed in such a condition of repair as to preserve it from utter destruction. In one of the appartments into which the Grange has been modernly divided, Mr. Charles Phillipps, of Kilsant House, Broadway, had arranged a most interesting museum of antiquities, of which, unfortunately, the limited time at the disposal of the party prevented an adequate inspec- tion. The collection contained valuable old books, among which must be mentioned the "Treacle Bible," black letter, 1002, in a beautiful state of preservation. This edition takes its title from its rendering of the first passage of the 22nd verse of the 8th chapter of Jeremiah, thus — "Is there not Triacle at Gilead." A copy, unfortunately without title page, but doubtless the original edition of Baxter's " Saint's Everlasting Rest," black letter, 1G94, was also much noticed. An old copy of the "Justice of the Peace," and a history of the Bible, containing some curious plates of Solomon's Temple, were also interesting. Certain ancient implements of warfare and other antiquities, completed a small but interesting collection, showing at once the reverence of the collector for old objects of interest and his kind desire to add to the pleasure of the visitors by arranging them for inspection. Mr. Phillipps added to the obligations of his visiters by a timely supply in the " loving cup" of the " wine of the country," pure and luscious perry, which was grateful to the palate. From the Gi'ange to the Old Church was the next move, and here again Mr. Averill, jointly with the Rev. C. S. Caffin, performed the duties of guides, Mr. Averill read the following Paper descrip- tive of the church : —

"This church (familiarly known as the Old Church) is dedicated to St. Edburga or Eadburga (English Eadburgh), who was the daughter of Edward, the elder, son of King Alfred. She is said to be buried at Pershore Abbey, which abbey is consecrated to her. This will of course account for the dedication of the church, as it formerly belonged to the said Pershore Abbey. St. Eadburgh is commemorated on June 15th. The date of the church may be placed between 1160 and 1190. It is a cruciform structure with central tower and of considerable architectural interest, retaining examples of Nor- man work, but chiefly Transitional front Middle to Third pointed. The interior is designed with great harmony of proportion, and though small and without ornament has a certain dignity which cannot fail to be observed. In the chancel, which is 29ft. long by 17 ft. wide, there are monuments to the Phillipps family from 1794 to 1820. Under the window is a brass to Anthony Daston, 1572, set. 66, in armour. It is a palimpsest having part of a coat of arms and other work on the back. Also a brass to Mrs. Cecilia Newport, who died March 21st, 1766, set. 72. Also a monument to Walter Savage, Esq., 1640. On the north side is a circular headed doorway blocked up, and there is an Early-English window on the south side tilled in. The present windows of the chancel and of the aisles and the west window of the nave are of the 15th century. The chancel screen has some small hobs disposed in the form of triangles. In the nave, which is 52 ft. long and 34 ft. wide, there

20 Transaction's at Evesham.

are three pointed arches on each side, recessed, one half of which have square edges, the other chamfered. The columns have Anglo-Norman capitals and bases ; below the bases were formerly square plinths, which were rounded off in 1866 when the church was repaired. In the wall of the north aisle is an opening like a fireplace, with a flue going up the wall. In the church are the arms of Charles I. 1041, well painted, at the back of which is written "Cleaned and oiled by J. Harvey, schoolmaster, April, 1779. The church then embellished." The font is circular and very deep, but without ornament, and is possibly of the 12th century. The old pulpit removed from a chapel which formerly stood on the site of the new church (St. Michael's, 1839), is probably of the 14th century. The pulpit and arms above named were exhibited in the Worcestershire Exhibition, 1882. There is a handsome monument to William Taylor, Esq., of Middle Hill, who died 17-41. The roof over the nave was originally a little below the present roof, and of moderate pitch ; the present roof, which retains traces of colour, may be of the early part of the 15th century. The transepts and tower show work of the 13th and 14th centuries. There are six bells of beautiful tone, inscribed as follows :

i. CANTATE DOMINO CANTICUM NOVUM. MATTHEW RAGLEY MADE ME 1778. MR. COLEMAN, MR. STEPHENS, CHURCHWARDENS.

2. THOMAS FROST, GENTLEMAN, AND JOHN HIGFORD GRIFFITHS, GEN-

TLEMAN.

3. WALTER SAVAGE, WILLIAM SHELDON, ESQ., WILLIAM HODGES,

WILLIAM BROOKS, CHURCHWARDENS. ANNO DOMINI 1603.— W.M.A.B.H.

4. WALTER SAVAGE, ESQ. WILLIAM SHELDON, ESQ. 1609.

5. CANTATE LOMINO CANTICUM NOVUM, MATTHEW LAC '.LEY MADE ME

1778 MR. COLEMAN, MR. STEPHENS, CHURCHWAR1 (ENS.

6. TENOR RE< AS 1' AT GLOUCESTER BY JOHN RUDDALL, a u. 1828. JOHN

RUSSELL AND JAMES STOCKFORD, CHURCHWARDENS

Near the chancel door is a small headstone, the date of which is 1517. This is the oldest monument for the dead now standing. The register of the parish commences in 1541. Nash, in his " History of Worcestershire," Vol. I. p. 140, says : "In the highest north window in the body of the church were the arms of Shildon, Brace, Sambach and Pynk. There were more paintings in the vest windows, but they are now (1779) broken." The nave and aisles of the church were formerly covered with lead, but some of it being stolen .some years ago the remainder was removed and sold and a new slate roof substituted in 1866. The old irregular seats -were removed, galleries taken down, and the l>est of the old seats erected as at present. The whole was repaved. The north transept was re-built and a new window placed near the north door. It is intended to renovate the chancel in a similar manner. This church is now only used for the burial service, and the churchyard being much crowded in the year i875a piece of land was given by Mr. Halliwell-Phillippa as additional burial ground, which was enclosed anil levelled and was consecrated by the Lord Bishop of Worcester, -May 8th, 1877."

The Rev. ('. S. Caffin then called attention to several interesting details in the architecture of the church, the pulpit and the font, and particularly to the painting of the Royal arms of Charles 1. already mentioned by Mr. Averill, which — though he objected on principle, but not from disloyalty, to

Broadway Cutroh.

27

the exhibition of Royal arms in churches — was yet so meritorious anil well-

preserveil as to be worthy of notice. He also read the following list of the

incumbents of Broadway, and dates of their institution respectively, and the

names of the patrons, prepared by Mr. Christopher Hensley, and forming a

complete record of the institutions to the vicarage from 1269 to the present

time l : —

Broadway Vicarage.

Jnc um ben ts. Instlt uted

Patron*. Abbas et Con- ventus de Persora

!

Adam de Cestreton

circa 1269

Rex ratione 1 temporalium Ab. del'ershore j in maim sua existentium J Abbas et Con- N ventus de Persora

Galfridus de Cubber- 1 ... ,_ .. ._._

, Mid. Man, 1269

Petrus de Caldwell - id. Martij, 1282 Walterus Kaleres li- \

centiatus ad studen- L circa 1314

dum per biennium - J Robertus de Kyngess- \ ,

vode, cap. - - / ' Henricus de Burgh, AYirtus de Okley,

pauper, diac.

I

3 id. Apr. 1320 30 Jan., 1333 Julii, 1349

Registers. Gif.f. 13 a. 20 a.

II). f. 29. a. lb. f. 171. b.

Cobham, f. 20. a.

Horl. v. i. f. 42. b.

Wolst. v. 2. f. 15. a.

Johannes de Askham - 13 Oct. 1349

Reg. sed.

vac,

f. 129.

W'iHus de Sacri

Apr./ 1365 I

fll kal

Robertus de Wadyng- f 00 A 13SQ

ham, - - -\ °'

Robertus atte Welle, - 7 Jan. 1390 Wittus Ayllestan, cap. 9 Dec. 1412 Thomas Symonde, pbr. 17 Oct. 143S AVittus Ayleston, cap. 12 Aug. 1439 Thomas Heth, cap. - 10 Apr. 1465 WiHus Tayllour, cap. 17 Mar. 1472 .loli. Botre, cap. - 20Martijl488

Walterus Jonys, A.B. l(i Mnij, 1506 Thos. Mathanson,cap. 16 Sept. 1513 Robertus Bushoppe, cap. 28 Feb. I">-';!

Wittlescy f. 13. a.

Wakf . f. 24

f.

a.

lb.

Pev.

Bourcli.

lb.

Carp. v. I. f

a. a. b.

74. f. 50 f. 51 f. 59. a. , 188. b.

v. 2. f. 36. b.

Moit. f. 29. a.

S. (iygl.

lb.

Jeron.

f. 47. f. 91. f. 21.

Radulphus "i WiUbram,

gen., et Job.

Tristen, ex \- Johannes Tythcr, cl. 18 July, 1538 Lat. v. 2. f. 7. b.

concess : Ab. et Conv. de Per- sora J

1 This List lias been comotcd from Nash's Hist. Worcestershire, Vol. I., l>. M7, as far as i» printed in Roman type. The names printed in italics on the next ] age were mipplled by Mr. Hensley.— Ed.

28

Transactions at Evesham.

Patrons.

Walterus Savage de Bradweye arm.

Incumbents. Lewis ap Rice -

Tristam Blabie - John Roper r Ricardus Stone, A.M. Henricus Shelley Johannes Couch, cl. Robertus Cotton, cl. Johannes Dolphin Thomas Challoner j Bryan Morris - Thomas Gibson, cl

A.B. Ricardus Gregory, cl.

A.M. -

Instituted.

1578

1585

1590

6 Dec. 1596

11 Junij',1610

22Maij 1639

23 Sep. 1639

1646

July, 1652

1668

Registers.

R. 32. Bilson f. 72. a.

R. 33. f, 16. b. lb. f. 17. a.

-} 15 Dec. 1693 ' l 20 Oct. 1696

Johannes Griffiths, cl., 1 6 Maii 17Q6 A.B. - - -J

R. 34. f. 56. lb. f. 62.

b.

b.

lb. f. 91. a.

GeorgeSavage, j Henry Savage> B A

11 Mar. 1736

Eliz. Savage

Spr.

(

27 Feb. 1772 1773

21 Maii, 1784 1848 1S58 1S62

i John Palmer, M.A. jr. //. Roberta - Charles Crawley Samuel Franhlyn William English Charles Smart Coffin -

The thanks of the Society having, at the instance of the President, been given to their Broadway guides, the party proceeded to the Willersey Camp by way of the London road up Broadway hill. Arriving near the " Fish," and in sight of the tower on the crest of the hill, Mr. Averill passed his visitors over the boundary of Worcestershire into Gloucestershire with the following address : — Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, — Having had the pleasure of accompanying you through my native parish of Broadway, in the county of Worcester, before you enter your own county of Gloucester let me ask you to pause a few moments and enjoy the splendid view, of which we are justly proud, from this hill. The Fish Inn, near us, was built in 1771, when the common fields of Broadway were enclosed and a road up the hill was made, being planned by a man named Webb, of Stanway. In 1823 the road was altered to its present course to make the ascent more easy. The tower was built in 1 798 by the then Lord Coventry, in consequence of a fire, lighted on its site for that purpose, being visible from Croome, his lordship's scat in Worcestershire, it is in the Saxon style, the architect being Mr. Stephens, of Worcester. The site is 1,086 feet above the level of the sea. Thirteen counties are visible therefrom. The principal hills to be seen are Dumbleton, Dixton, Cleeve, Bredon, the Malvern Ranges, May Hill, near Ross, the Sugar Loaf, Black Mountain, and other Welsh Mountains, Rain- bow Hill, near Worcester, the White Horse Hill, Wilts, Bromsgrove Lickey, Clent Hills, the Wrekin in Shropshire, Lench Hills, Meon Hill, &e., Worces- ter Cathedral and city, Evesham, Drditwich, Stratford, Warwick, and Leamington. The churches at Coventry can also be seen. Serjt. Talfourd,

WlLLERSEY BABEOW. 29

in his rambles, says, in all his travels he had not seen any view finer than that from Broadway Hill. Being on the main road from Worcester to Oxford and London, before the days of railways, many coaches and waggons daily ascended and descended this hill. Broadway at that time was a place of much importance ; it now seems shut out, being five miles from a railway station— to some a great drawback, to others a charm. If the splendid scenery of the neighbourhood, its healthiness, having pure air and pure water in abundance, also its hotel and lodging accommodation, were more widely known, I feel sure it would be frequently visited by those from many of our large towns seeking rest and quietude. Broadway parish contains 4,750 acres, 386 houses, and a population of 1,641.

At the close of this address the journey was resumed, and Willersey Camp was next reached. It is the site of a British Camp, on property now belonging to Mr. R. N. Chadwick, who had obligingly given permission for its inspection, and also for the exploration of the barrow adjacent. Mr. George B. Witts here acted as cicerone, and by his concise and graphic description of the remains gave his auditory clear ideas of their ancient form and uses. The camp, Mr. Witts stated, was CS acres in extent, and after describing how it was originally constructed, pointed out the number of British camps which were visible from it. Amongst them were those as distant as Sbenboro', Cleeve Hill (Cheltenham), Oxenton Hill, May Hill, Welshboro', Malvern, Bredon (2), Meon, Chastleton, and the Rollright stones, to all which, with others, Mr. Witts directed attention. He also described the situation of the camp in relation to the Roman roads and its connection with Saintbury (Svoain&'-bury) camp. From the camp a short walk brought the party to the barrow, which with praiseworthy zeal Mr. Witts had on the previous day, with a willing party of workers, partially excavated. The face of the outer wall of the barrow was exposed for some distance, also the walls of some of the chambers, though displaced probably by previous explorers. Here the bones of the ox were found, and also many fragments of human bones and of pottery, with some flint chips. After an explanation of the form and extent of the barrow, a hearty vote of thanks was given to Mr. Chadwick for his permission to explore the barrow, and to those who had so well done the work. The carriages were resumed, and on arriving at Kiftsgate Stone the President pointed it out to the party as their carriages arrived in succession at the spot, and thence they were conveyed to the summit of " Dover's Hill." From this hill is a most magnificent panorame, which was seen to great advantage, the atmos- phere being just at that time particularly favorable for views of distant scenery. From the hill associated with the historic name of Mr. Dover, the great patron of the Coteswold games, the travellers proceeded to the pictur- esque town of Chipping Campden, where at the ancient hostelry of the Noel Arms the party alighted to lunch, to which they had been kindly invited by the President. Having partaken of the President's hospitality :

Sir William Guise remarked that he should only be fulfilling the wish of every one present by proposing the health of the President, with their best thanks for his kindness and hospitality on that occasion, which was drunk with three hearty cheers.

30 Transactions at Evesham.

The PRESIDENT thanked them for the way in which his health had been received, and for their kindness in assembling at Campden that day. It had been to him a matter of great interest to inspect that morning the barrow which Mr. ( 'liadwick had allowed to be opened on his land. It was one of the most interesting barrows in England, and he believed, as Mr. Witts had said — and he could answer for forty years — that it had never been opened before. It might have been opened in the time of the Romans — but of that he could say nothing. He was also glad to be able to take the Society along the brow of the hill to see what a beautiful view was to be obtained from the Cotes- wolds. That was a district very little known, and he hoped other Societies would follow the example of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society and call the attention of the inhabitants to the beauties of the scenery and to the historical and antiquarian interest attaching to many old buildings and other objects yet remaining, so that they may be led to take an intelligent interest in them and in their preservation.

An adjournment to the church then took place, the party being here under the guidance of the Rev. S. E. Bartleet and the Rev. F. S. Forster (vicar of Campden). The building, the interior of which is now undergoing restoration, is a large and beautiful structure, dating probably from the end of the 15th century. It occupies a very commanding position on the hill, and the tower, which possesses the unusual feature called by Sir Gilbert Scott an " arrow " buttress, is lofty and graceful. Mr. Bartleet, in noticing the remarkable old brasses to be found in this church, gave an interesting sketch of the Grevel family. He assigned to the building the probable date given above, remark- ing that with all its grandeur, he was afraid it must be described as a debased kind of Perpendicular architecture, and could hardly be put earlier. The church was usually regarded as dedicated to St. James, and the Campden fair was on St. James' day, but there was no record of the dedication. Win. Grevel in his will directed that his body should be buried in the church of the Blessed Mary at Campden, and that would seem to shew that the church was dedicated to the Virgin Mary. In Lancashire it was a common thing for the dedication of churches to the Virgin Mary to have been changed at the Reformation, and that might have been the case here, but he could give no further information on that point. That was St. James's eve, and accord- ing to the charter of Chipping Campden, a fair was to be held on the eve, the day and the morrow of St. James, but owing to the visit of the Archae- ological Society the inhabitants had placed the fair a little earlier. This was the proof of the theory of the hereditary transmission of character, for it shewed the commercial feeling to be prevalent in Campden now, as it certainly was in the past.

The TuKSihENT remarked that the day of the fair was changed out of kindness to himself, and solely to accommodate the Society.

Mr. BARTLEET went on to recount the origin and benefactions of the Noel family, but as this point, and several others mentioned in the church, as well as subsequently at the Court, arc dealt with in Mr. Bartlcet's paper read in the evening, and which will be revised and printed in extetUO in this- volume, it will be unnecessary to enter further upon the subject here.

The Conversazione. 31

Mr. Forster pointed out several features of interest, ami notably an old stone coffin on the north side of the chancel, which when opened a few weeks ago was found in contain a piece of paper stating that the colli u had contained the remains of Caxton, the printer. This extraordinary statement Mr. Forafeer attributed to a desire on the part of a former churchwarden to identify the coffin as belonging to somebody, and Caxton's was the first name that came to his mind. Mr. Forster also mentioned an ancient letter, in which alluaion was made to an old stone coffin discovered in this church, and contain- ing the figure of a priest fully vested. After a visit to the crypt the party crossed to the vicarage, where Mr. Forster had arranged a collection of curi- osities relating to the church, and borough. Among these was a beautiful miniature of Sir Baptist Noel, first Viscount Campden, and the seal of Sir Edward Noel, Baron Noel of Ridlington (1G16), both of which were kindly lent by Canon Bourne. Other objects were an old cope and two ancient altar frontals, the communion plate belonging to the church, the parish registers commencing 161(j, the church accounts from 1624 to the present date, a case containing a copy of the Bishop's Bible of 15-5, and two ancient copies of Foxe's "Acts and Memorials," and two silver maces belonging to the now practically defunct Corporation of Campden. In the Court grounds, which contain remains of the entrance gate, the banqueting hail, and other portions of the magnificent Campden House, which was burned in the time of the "civil war, the church bazaar was then being held. However, Mr. Bartleet delivered an address in the ruins from the steps of the banqueting hall. The examination of the remains was greatly facilitated by a sketch of old Campden House, copies of which were liberally furnished by the President for distribution among the members of the Society. Driving from Campden the party passed through Aston Subedge, Weston Subedge,and Bretforton without stopping. At Badsey tea was kindly provided at the vicarage by the Rev. T. H. Hunt, B. 1 >. , who also conducted the Society through the church, which has Buffered much from restorers, but is about to receive more intelligent treatment. Some curious facts relating to the churchyard were given, and considerable interest was evoked by Mr. Graham Jackson's architectural report on the building, which was read from the pulpit by Mr. Hunt. The communion cup was exhibited by Mr. Julius Sladden, and pronounced to be a good example of the usual Elizabethan type. This brought the excursion to a close, and the return journey was quickly made to Evesham, where the party arrived rather

late.

The Conversazione.

A Conversazione was held in the Town Hall in the evening, which was numerously attended, and great interest was shewn in the examination of the large number of very interesting exhibits in the Temporary Museum, a list of which will be given. The following papers were also read : —

1. By Mrs. Baonall-Oakkley, On some Sculptured Effigies of Hcclevi- attics in Gloucestershire mid the neighbourhood.

2. By the Rev. S. E. Bartleet, M.A., On the Manor mid Borough oj' Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire.

Both of these Tapers will be printed in the present volume. The next paper was read by Mr. C, F. Henkley.

32 Transactions at Evesham.

On the Manor of Willersey.

The Manor of Willersey, in Saxon times, formed a portion of the demesne of the Mercian Kings, and as such was, late in the 7th century, vested in the crown of that kingdom in the person of Ethelred. That monarch having retired from the throne to become Abbot of Bardney, was succeeded by his nephew Kendred, which prince, with Offa, King of Essex, gave by charter — 709 — to the Abbey of Evesham " seven manses," or farms, in Willersie. The Abbots of Evesham held the lands until the Conquest, and in Domesday the Manor is stated to belong to the Church of St. Mary, of Evesham. That ancient record states that in Willersie " there are eight hides that pay taxes ; there are nine plow tillages, of which three are in Demesne," &c, "and a priest with six plow tillages; there are two servi with a little meadow." It was worth, in Edward the Confessor's time, £4 annually, and at the time of the Conqueror's survey, 100s. From the " Institutes of Evesham Abbey," 1215, we learn that this manor had to pay to the " Manciple," or purveyor of the abbey, annually, " three denarii for the purpose of providing dishes and jugs " for the use of the monks, and also — with other lordships — to provide a large number of eggs for their con- sumption yearly. The Abbot of Evesham obtained by purchase in the 35th of Henry III., a charter of "Free warren" for this manor. The abbey continued to hold the manor, and had a Court Leet here in Edward I. time. Sir Thomas West held, as tenant to the Abbot of Evesham, 10th of Rich. I. Clement Lichfield was the last abbot who exercised any real jurisdiction over the lands of the abbey. He resigned the Abbacy 1539. Subsequently one Philip Ballard, an Evesham monk, was raised to the Abbacy temporarily, and he, on the 17th Nov., 1539, surrendered the abbey to King Hen. VIII., the annual value of the " Manor of Willersie " to the abbey being stated to be £32 lis. 6d. This manor became now again vested in the crown, and was, with the "Demesne lands" of the abbot, granted, 1545, to John Cock and John Wrath. The manorial rights now passed through various hands, until in 1712 they were vested in Edward Wilmington, Esq., son of Sir Francis Wilmington, who was Attorney-General to Charles II. From this Edward Wilmington, Esq., they have descended to the present proprietor, Sii Francis Salwey Winnington, Bart., of Stamford Court. The Court Leet which had been held here during several centuries was, some few years ago, discontinued, the last "Court" being held 185S. A certain estate at Willersey stood charged with the payment of an annuity to the family of " Penderell," and their descendants, in recompense to them for aiding Prince Charles, after the Battle of Worcester, and preserving his life by hiding him in the oak. This payment is still continued, and issues of land devised by the late Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart., to William Phillipps, Esq., of Hampton. The ancient trackway, knuwn to the Romans as the " Lower Salt Way," traverses the eastern side of this parish of Willersey. This road is laid down in the Rev. Thomas Lcman's Map of Ancient British Trackways, as preced- ing from Droitwich to Cirencester, and is mentioned in the " Salopia Autiqua" as the " ]k>ggilde," or " Buckle-street" — (charter of Kendred and (J Ha 709 — called " Buegan-street " or Boggilde-street) and is said to pass between Church Honeybourne and Cow Honcybourne, through the parish of Weston Subedge — where it has long been known, locally, as "The

Abbot's Norton. 33

Buckle-street " — continuing up and along the Coteswolds, under the name of the "Salt Way," past the "Beacon Tower," on Broadway, by ".Middle Hill," from whence it went in nearly a straight line southward through "Small Thome" and "Condieote," or possibly otherwise through Cuts- deeme, Temple Guiting, and Xaunton, to the " Foss Way" cither at Bourton or Stow. A few hundred yards westwaid of this old trackway, in a field on the Willersey Hill Farm, are the interesting remains of a large camp, which has commonly been attributed to the Danes.1 It is situated on the brow of the hill, immediately overlooking Farncombe House, the residence of Mr. Chadwiek, and just upon the border of the counties of Worcester and Gloucester. This camp may have been occupied by either the West Saxons or Mercians, about the period of their engagement at Berrington. The site of the camp is admirably chosen, a magnificent and very extensive view of the country to the west and north being obtained from it. A careful survey of the ground will amply repay the visitor for his labour in ascending the Broadway Hill.

The next Paper was read by the Rev. N. G. Batt,

Ox Abbot's Norton.

The Parish of Norton is in the County of Worcester, three miles north of Evesham. It is called Abbot's Norton to distinguish it from the numerous other Nortons, not far distant, because it was part of the original endowment of the Abbey of Evetham by the Kings Kenred and Of] a. Lenchwick, another parish a little to the left of the high road from Evesham to the North, is so called from its position below the hilly district, called "The Lenches," from the ancient divisions between the ploughed lands running along the hill sides, which were so called before the enclosure of the common fields. There is a third small hamlet called Chadbury, on the road to Worcester, close to the Avon, near which, on a wooded hill, is Wood Norton, the hunting seat of the Duke d'Aumale, to w horn the whole parish belongs, except the vicar's glebe and a few cottages at Norton. 'I he parish of Abbot's Norton is about twelve miles in circumference, bounded on the east and west by the Avon which makes a bend round Evesham, on the north by Harvington parish, from which it is separated by a stream running close to the village of Harvington. On the south the boundary is very obscure, as it is said that part of one house is in Norton and part in Evesham, while as to the Abbey Manor House — Mr. Budge's mansion— itself is in Evesham, and the porter's lodge in Norton. The population, now about 412, was in ancient times more considerable ; there was then a manor house at Lenchwick, and a mill, also a chapel of St. M ieliael, to which one of the Bigge family made a grant of corn, recorded in the Worcester register. Foundations and broken walls only mark the site of these buildings, and the very position of the chapel is unknown. The village of Norton consists for the most part of old timbered cottages, and is not unpicturesque. The church was built, it is said, l>y Abbot Brokehampton, who died in 13 10, and in whose time the existing entrance to the chapter house at Evesham was erected. There are a tew traces of an earlier church of Norman architecture. Like most of the churches of the Vale of Evesham,

l This Camp is (inscribed in Mr. Witts' ' Archieologicft] Hand Hook of filouecsli'rehirc," No. 107.— Ed.

Vol. IX., part 1. i»

34 Tkaxsactioxs at Evesham.

it consists of a low square tower, containing a fine ring of bells, a nave, a chancel, and a north transept or chantry chapel, founded by an unknown benefactor, whose likeness, with that of his wife, was to be seen in Nash's time in one of the windows. Having fallen partly into ruin, the church was "restored " about fifty years ago in the bad taste usual at that time, which is also to be seen in St. Lawrence, Evesham. It has lately been considerably improved, and a new chancel roof with several fine painted windows and a lich-gate added, its appearance from the north — shewing the ivy-covered gable of the transept, and its window of peculiar tracery, transition from Decorated to Perpendicular — is venerable and pleasing. The handsome Perpendicular window on the north of the nave was brought from the lately demolished church of Bengeworth, and inserted here by the present vicar. The north door, long blocked up, was removed at the same time and con- verted into a lich-gate, with the aid of some other materials from Benge- worth- It is considered of a curious pattern by architectural critics. The interior of the north chapel contains three large and elaborate monuments to the three generations of the Bigge family, which illustrate the costumes of the Tudor and Stuart periods. There are also some tombs of the Craven family ; and banners, coats of arms, helmet, sword, and spurs, are hung up in honour, it is said, of one of that family who was governor of Carolina. There are also tombs of several vicars, especially of Mr. Peter Cassey, who lived to a great age, and was the son of one of the R. C. demies intruded into Magdalen College by James II. He bequeathed his old-fashioned collection of books to his successors in the benefice. The most interesting object in the church is, however, the stone lectern of Evesham Abbey, originally made by Thomas of Marlborough, when sacrist before his election to the Abbacy in P2.S0. It represents St. Egwin in pontilicals, with crook in hand, giving his benediction, surrounded by foliage and grotesque heads, and, having been dug up among the ruins of the abbey and long preserved at the lodge, was presented to this church by the daughters of Mr. Blayney, as a memorial of their parents. The church, originally served by the sacrist of Evesham Abbey, to whose office the rectory belonged, became a vicarage after the Dissolution, and the great tithes and patronage were granted by King Henry VIII., along with other parsonages, to the newly-founded Dean and Chapter of Worcester, in exchange for their fine manors of Grimley and Hallor. The manor of Norton and Lenchwick was granted, like most of the abbey property, to Sir Philip Hoby, whose brother-in-law, Thomas Bigg, came here, it is said, from Gloucestershire, and served King Henry in his French wars. The next Bigg built the mansion at Lenchwick, and was member for Evesham in 1004. The third Thomas created a Baronet in IG'20, sold the estate to the first Lord Craven. His widow, Lady Walters, founded a charity for education, but most of the property was destroyed in the great lire of London. Members of the Craven family resided at Lenchwick till the middle of the last century, when the house was demolished, and the estate bold to the Seymours— one of whom was the Duke of Somerset. From their heirs it was purchased by the late Mr. Holland, member for Evesham, who sold it about "JO years ago to the Duke d'Aumale, the present owner, who often resided at Wood Norton during the reign of the late Emperor Napoleon, and greatly improved the shooting lodge there, Some fragments of antiquity have been recently discovered in a a old farm bouse at Lenchwick, once

Concluding Meeting. 35

probably attached to the manor house, viz., a curious mural painting of the parable of the Prodigal Son, with costume of the early part of the Kith century, and a much earlier piece of carved oak, probably from Evesham Abbey, now preserved in Norton Church.

The Rev. W. Taprell Allen, M A , read a paper entitled Notes on the

Parish, the Church, and the Ancient Religious Foundations of Ledenia Parva,

or St. Briavels, of which parish he is the Vicar. This will be printed in the

present volume. At the close of the meeting the President conveyed the

' thanks of the Society to all who had read papers.

FRIDAY, 25th July.

The Concluding Meeting.

The members assembled this morning in the Town Hall for the con- cluding meeting of the session, Sir John Maclean, F.S.A., presided. The first resolution moved by the Chairman, was that Tewkesbury should be the place of the summer meeting of next year, and that the selection of a President for 1885-6 should be left to the decision of the Council. Sir John observed that it had been proposed several times to meet at Tewkesbury, but they had delayed doing so hoping that Sir Edmund Lechmere might be induced to accept the office of President. The motion was at once agreed to.

Votes of thanks were then proposed from the chair and unanimously adopted — to the Mayor and Corporation of Evesham for their courteous reception of the Society and for the use of the Town Hall ; to Mr. Herbert New, President, and the Council of the Institute for the very liberal accom- modation a Horded the Society at the Institute ; to Mr. E. C. Rudge, Miss Byrch, and the Earl of YVemyss and March for kindly permitting the Society to visit their grounds and residences ; and to the Rev. J. R. Barker, Rev. C. S. Caflin, Rev. F. S. Forster, Rev. T. H. Hunt, and the Rev. P. Norris, for kindly allowing the Society to inspect their churches ; to the President for the hospitality afforded by him to the members of the Society at Chipping Campden ; to Mrs. Hunt for her kind reception of the Society to tea at Badsey Parsonage ; to the Rev. J. R. Barker, Mr. Herbert New, Mr. I. Averill, the Rev. C.S. Caffin, Mr. G. B.Witts, Rev. F. S. Forster, Rev. S. E. Bartleet, Rev. T. H. Hunt, and the Rev. P. Norris for their valuable assis- tance as guides during the meeting ; to Mrs. Bagnall-Oakeley, the Rev. S. E. Bartleet, Rev. W. Bazeley, Rev. W. Taprell Allen, Rev. N. C. Batt, Rev. P. Norris, Mr. C. Hensley, and Mr. R. F. Tomes for the papers they had contributed ; to the Local Secretaries and the members of the Local Committee for the excellent arrangements made for the reception and enter- tainment of the Society at Evesham ; and to the President for the geniality and ability with which he had conducted the business of the annual meeting. On the motion of the Rev. W. Bazeley, seconded by the Rev. W. Bftgnall- Oakeley, it was resolved that a copy of the Society's Transactions for this year should be presented to the Evesham Institute, and a copy of last yoar'3 to the Institute at Bath.

The Rev. Dr. Caldicott alluded to a reference made in Mrs. Bagnall- Oakeley's paper, read the previous evening, to the condition of the recumbent sculptured effigy in Leckhampton churchyard. He remarked that one of i) 2

36 TRANSACTION'S AT EVESHAM.

the objects of this Society was to direct attention to such matters, for very often irreparable damage was done because the persons in charge of monu- ments, exposed as this was, did not think ahout the mischief that might he so easily remedied. He moved :

" That the Society desires to call the attention of the authorities of the Church of Leckhampton to the serious damage caused to the recumbent sculptured effigy in the churchyard by reason of its position, and to express a hope that some means may be taken to secure the safety of this interesting and valuable monument."

The Chairman concurred with the resolution, observing that it was rather more the duty of the Society to protect, where they could, than to describe monuments of antiquity.

The motion was seconded by the Rev. W. Taprell Allen, and agreed to unanimously.

The Rev. W. Bazeley stated that the new rector of Leckhampton was an old schoolfellow of his, and he was sure he would do all he possibly could for the preservation of this monument.

The next topic was introduced by the Rev. W. Bazeley, who said it seemed to him most desirable that they should have in the Transactions for this year some engravings of the very beautiful monuments at Campden. It was imposible for the Society to do all it would like in the way of giving illustrations in the Transactions, ami it was therefore hoped that some help would be given to the Society locally. Speaking for himself as a member of the Council, he believed if an effort was made on the part of the gentlemen in the locality to pay half the expense of engraving the three Hicks monu- ments, and the Smith monument, the Council would meet them and pay the other half.

The Rev. S. E. Bartleet stated that a few shillings had been subscribed for this object on the spot, thus showing that there was some interest taken in the matter.

The Rev. \V. BAZELEY asked the Press to make known this intimation, and to state that any offers should be sent to the Secretaries of the Society, or to Sir John Maclean, the editor of the Transactions.

Sir JoHH Maclean adverted to the fact that the brasses in Campden Church had been removed from their original sites and laid in the mid- passage of the chancel, where they were being continually walked over by the clergy and choir. It was incumbent on the Society to suggest that the brasses should he covered by matting or carpet to protect them ; for if they were once destroyed they could uot possibly be restored. He did not know it Mr. Bartleet had any influence with the authorities there. If that were not mi, Hm Society should open some communication with them. With respect to Mr. Bazeley's suggestion relative to the Hick's monuments, the expense of engraving them would be very huge, and he thought the matter had better be submitted in the first instance lor the consideration of the Council.

The Rev. S. E. BAKTXEET did not know that lie had any influence with t.'ie Campden authorities, but be knew them, and was sure that they were

BlTCKLAXD, StANWAY AND HaYLES. 37

proud of these monuments, and would be glad to accept any suggestion made with a view to their better preservation. He would communicate what had been said, and also say that he entirely sympathised with Sir John's sug- gestion.

A vote of thanks to the Chairman, and renewed acknowledgments of the efforts made by the Evesham people to promote the success of the Society's visit brought the meeting to a close.

On the conclusion of the meeting the members proceeded on an

Excursion to Buckland, Stan way and Hayles.

The morning had begun with a dull threatening sky, and now, as the party left the town, the rain descended steadily and with every prospect of continuance. Nothing daunted the excursionists proceeded on their journey, ami fortunately there were several intervals of fine weather during the day, and the excursion proved, upon the whole, a pleasant one. Passing Aston Somerville and Hinton-on-the-Green, and noting the beauties of the varied landscape on either side of the road, the party made a rapid journey to Buckland, where they were cordially received at the parsonage by the Rev. P. and Mrs. Nbrris. Assembling in the ancient guesten hall, they found a small but interesting museum of curiosities laid out for their inspection, and upon these, as on the noteworthy features of the apartment itself, Mr. Nbi ris offered a few words. He pointed especially to the ancient and beautiful stained glass window, bearing the name of William Grafton, and also con- taining a rebus upon his surname, viz., a graft rising from a tun ; and also directed attention to two carved figures with wings on the beams of the roof, which, he said, were probably intended to represent a former rector and his wife. Among the curiosities was an ancient cope which had been unpicked and used as an altar cloth, its most recent application being as a pall at the funeral of a respected old lady of the parish. The relic has been frequently exhibited at South Kensington and elsewhere, and is much prized by its possessors. Mr. Norris called attention to the rose en soldi in stained glass in the upper part of another window, chiefly composed of plain glass, in the guesten hall, and stated that he hoped to have a painted window inserted in keeping with the existing remains. He also stated that he was in corres- pondence with the Society for the 1 'reservation of Ancient Buildings, and at their different meetings they had discussed, in the most friendly manner, a report he had sent upon Buckland Church, and the result was that he had in his possession a long statement as to what the Society considered ought to be done. Moreover, Mr. Morris, the great authority on stained glass, had kindly offered to visit the church free of expense, examine the east window, and send workmen at cost-price to re-lead and replace the glass, and he trusted that the window would ere long be seen in as good a state as when new.

The Rev. \V. Ra/.klky commented on several points alluded to by Mr. Norris, ami stated grounds for believing that William Grafton was rector ot Buckland for agreat many years, and that he built the parsonage liou.se before the death of Edward the Fourth. No doubt also Grafton pul in the east window of the church, the figures in which would probablj represent his relations. A move was then made to the church, which was described in Mr. Norris's paper, read on Wednesday evening. On arriving at the

38 Transactions at Evesham.

sacred building the party took their seats in the pews, and the Vicar pointed out the remarkable features adverted in his Papjr. The greatest attraction was the east window.

The Rev. W. Bazeley indicated the peculiarities in the costumes of the various figures, which fixed the date of the scenes depicted as between 1470 and 1485, and also drew attention to the misplacement of several pieces of the glass.

The Manor House, now occupied by Mr. A. Perrett, was next visited, but the recent alteration of the building has deprived it of much of its archaeological interest, and after a hurried passage through several apartments, the Society took leave of Buckland. It should be stated that the welcome afforded them at this parish, evidenced by the ringing of the bells and the display of flags, was almost unpredecented in the history of the excur- sions of the Society. The interesting Tudor mansion of the Earl of Wemyss at Stanway, approached by one of the most lovely drives in the vicinity, was the next halting place. Here luncheon was served. The party dividing, and some examining the attractions of the place, while others partook of refreshments. The building, which is chiefly in the Tudor style, has a gateway by Inigo Jones, and is altogether a magnificent structure, fittingly surrounded by exceedingly beautiful and well-kept grounds. The adjacent church presents little that is worthy of note. The weather prospects being at this juncture very unpromising, the party was called together in the Great Hall to hear Mr. Averill read a Memoir on the Foundation ami subsequent History of Hailes Abbey, which he had intended to read amidst the abbey ruins, but which the unpropitious weather prevented the party generally from visiting. The substance of Mr. Averill's communications, which was listened to with much interest, was chiefly drawn from the Chronicle of Matthew of Paris and from other printed sources, and in con- clusion he acknowledged his obligation to Mr. E. P. Loftus Brock for much of his information.

At the request of the Rev. W. Blathwayt the President undertook to convey the thanks of the Society to the Earl of Wemyss for allowing the Society to visit the Hall.

Canon Bourne took the opportunity of thanking Mr. Averill for his paper, and in response to an expression of thanks to himself for the courteous manner in which he had fulfilled the duties of President, and of hope that during his year of oilice the Society might enjoy one other meeting at least under his leadership, the President said he hoped the meeting had been a pleasant and instructive one to the Society, adding that while lie did not know if his engagements would permit him to preside at another meeting, he should have great pleasure in meeting and assisting this or any similar Society that might in the future visit the neighbourhood. The meeting then broke up. From Stanway, some of the party went straight to Beckford Station to catch the train ; but the President and some others proceeded to Hailes Abbey, where tiny were met by the vicar, the Rev. W. D. Stanton, who fully explained the interesting old church, stating that a church existed there 100 yeare before the Abbey. The ruins of the Abbey were also visited ami explained by .Mr. Stanton and others, and compared with Buck's en- graving before referred to. The President thanked Mr. Stanton for his attention, and thus ended the proceedings.

Temporary Museum,' 39

TEMPORARY MUSEUM.

'Catalogue of the Articles exhibited in the Temporary Muxeum.

By the Rev. Canon Bourxe —

Gold and Silver.

1. A Chalice, enamel on gold, of the 17th century.

2. A Chalice of silver, Russian, beginning of the present century.

3. A Needle-case of gold, of the reign of George II.

4. Three specimens of Silver Sugar Tongs of different ages.

5. Three do. do. Thimbles do.

6. A Spoon of the time of Charles I., 1644

7. Do. do. James II., 16S9

8. Do. rat-tailed, 1730

9. Do. old French, of the last century.

10. Do. Norwergian, of the last century.

11. A Bodkin, of the time of Charles II., 1674.

12. A Taster, do. William III., 1691.

13. A Porringer do. do. 1698.

Coins — Four cases containing the following, all found in the neighbourhood

of Weston Subedge : —

14. A Gold Piece, of the reign of Edward III., 1237.

15. Sixty Silver Pieces of various reigns.

16. Sixty Tradesmen's Tokens of various towns.

17. Sixty Roman Silver and Copper Coins.

18. A Shilling, of the reign of James II.

19. Two early British Coins.

Books, Jse.

20. Speed's Maps, a large copy, 1610.

21. Annalia Dubrensia, or the Celebration of Capt. Robert Dover's Cottes-

wold games, original edition, a perfect copy, 1636.

22. A Handbill of the Dover's Hill Gaines, 1806.

23. Do. do. do. 1819.

By Mr. II. New —

1. The Great Seal of Evesham Abbey, a lease dated 16th May, 30th of I bury VI1J. (15^8) of a close called Hygden, bounded on the east by the road leading to Chadhury Mill, and on the west by the river Avon. About one-third of the seal remains unbroken.

40 Traxsaction-s at Evesham

2. Deed of the Stli of Rich. II. (1384). Entails of land in Linch Randolfe, Radford and Bishampton. John Sampson to Richard de Lench Randolfe and Margery his wife.

3. Deed of Edward III., relating to Lench Randolfe and Radford.

4. Autograph of William Cecil, Lord Burghley to an old deed, much

mutilated.

5. Autograph of Robert Cecill to a Deed of Grant of Queen Elizabeth to

Timothy Smith, of Evesham, gent. , 43rd & 44th of Elizabeth ( 1600-1 .)

6. Oliver Cromwell, Protector, Grant of Administration to Mary Merrell,

widow of John Merrill, of Flyford Flavell, dated 1654.

7. A Sepia Drawing, by T. Coulson, of St. Lawrence's Church, Evesham,

in ruins, 1833. This church was restored in 1837.

8. Three Water-Colour Drawings of the Old Bridge, Evesham, taken down

for the erection of the new one, which was opened for traffic in 1856.

9. Drawings by Mr. T. Locke Worthington, of Manchester, architect,

of the old lantern and fireplace in the almonry of the Abbey of Evesham, and other views of antiquities in Evesham.

10. Old Engraving of the Bell Tower and Chapter House Arch, Evesham Abbey.

By the Rev. J. Ross Barker—

1. "The Practice of Piety," by Lewis Bayly, vicar of Evesham in 1611 ;

Bishop of Bangor, in 1616, and tutor to Prince Henry, son of Jas. I. Early edition, 4| ins. by 2§ ins.

2. England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, described and abridged with

Historic Relation of things worthy memory from a farr larger voulume. Done by John Speed, anno 1627—4 ins. by 6 ins.

3. Illuminated Vellum MS., commencing with the Lord's Prayer.

4. A Bronze Medallion with legend : " Arrivee du Rei a Paris Le 6

Octobre, 1789 — 3 J ins. diameter.

5. Great Seal of England, Charles I. Attached to a deed signed " Bacon."

By Mr. II V. Nicholls—

A number of Copper Plates, formerly belonging to M. De La Motte, as follows : —

1. South View of Allesley Church, Warwickshire.

2. The House in which Sir Isaac Newton was born at Wolsthorpe, Lin-

colnshire.

3. Church at Reculver, near Margate, called " The Sisters."

4. Tickencote Church, Rutlandshire.

5. South View of Watford Church, Hertfordshire.

6. House at Linlitligow, from which Hamilton shot the Regent Moray,

1570.

7. Font at Islip Church, Oxfordshire, in which King Edward the Con-

or is said to have been baptized. '

8. Ashton Hall, Lancashire.

9. The Bloody Tower in the Tower of London.

Temporary Museum. 41

10. Antiquities found at Oddington, Gloucestershire, in 17S4.

11. Memorial Window in Middleton Church, Lancashire, shewing the

likenesses of those who caused the window to be erected, 1510. Also lent by the same exhibitor the following :-

12. A small Silver Pounce Box.

13. A Gold Medal of the 18th century.

By the Rev. Canon Winxixgtox Ingram—

{Neolithic Period)

1. A Unique Chlorite Slate Wristguard.

2. A fine Smoothed Flint Axe, found at Harvington.

3. A small Clay Cup for body paint.

4. A Flint Slingstone.

5. Perforated Stone Beads for necklace.

( Bronze Period)

6. A Bronze Celt, from Church Lench.

7. A Bronze Wedge, from Knole Hill, near Evesham.

(Heathen Saxon Period) S. Three fine Ornamented Bronze Gilt Round Hovelus. 9. Two smaller Plain Bronze Gilt Round Brooches.

10. One Harp-shaped ditto, with portion of the cloak attached.

11. One large Polished ditto

12. One small Clasped-shaped ditto

13. One large Brooch, not gilded.

14. Iron Bosses of Wicker Shields, from Bidford and Norton.

15. Iron Spear-head Beads.

16. A Wolf Ornament of Lattcn Metal on Wooden Drinking Cup, from

Bidford.

17. Amber Beads for necklace.

18. Three Silver Rings.

19. One Silver Serpent Ring.

(Soman and Romano- British Period)

20. A Bronze Figure of Jupiter TonauB.

2!. A Brouze Figure of a Boar, votive offering to Diana, found on the banks of the Avon at Weston-on-Avon, Gloucestershire, associated with fragments of Roman potter}'.

2_\ A Bronze Handle of Key, found at Blackminster, near Evesham.

2:5. A Glass Lacrymatory, from the same place.

24. A fragment of a Roman Glass Bottle, found at Alcester.

•J.'i. Patera of Samian Ware, from a Roman Villa, near Alcester.

26. A Roman Tessera, from Alcester.

(Mi din ml /'' rind)

27. A Gilded Stirrup. •

28. An Iron Cheek Ornament of a Horse, probably slain at the battle of

Evesham, and found at that place.

42 Tea ns actions at Evesham.

By Mr. A. II. 8AVOBY—

A collection of olil Worcester China, consisting of the following pieces : —

1. A pair of Heart-shaped Desert Dishes, marked W. and decorated with

birds and insects in gold-bordered panels on a scale blue ground.

2. A pair of Desert Plates, with the same mark and decoration.

3. Two Fluted Desert Plates, with the same decoration, and marked

respectively W., and a cresent.

4. A pair of Oval Openwork Fruit Baskets, externally embossed with

flowers, and internally painted writh flowers and festoons of foliage, with gold borders on a gros bleu ground. The above, marked W., were probably manufactured while Dr. Wall was the head of the Worcester China works during the early part of the latter half of the last century, and belong to the period when artistic decoration of china, both in form, colour and design, was at its best. The crescent mark appears to have been used almost at the same time, or perhaps a little later.

By Miss S latter —

A collection of Bronze Saxon (?) remains found at Fairford, Gloucester- shire, as follows : —

1 . A Bronze-gilt Brooch or Fibula.

2. A Bronze-silvered ditto, formed by round pellets, with an imbricated

arrangement, and a separate tubercle.

3. A Bronze Brooch, consisting of a flattened ring, ornamented by trian-

gular indentations, between circles with a central point or dot.

4. A Bronze Brooch, or Buckle, of a quadrangular form and rounded

angles.

5. A Bronze Buckle of an oblong form. G. Ditto of a triangular form.

7. A Bronze Brooch, or safety pin

8. Ditto Pin. !». Ditto Shi 1.

10. Ditto Quadrangular Buckle.

1 1. An Iron Buckle of an oval form.

12. A Bronze Lamp.

13. Five Bronze and two Iron Rings. 1 I. Tin ee Iron Keys.

15. Am [ron Nail-head found, with many others, at the foot of a skeleton.

16. A Bronze Ring.

17. Two D Bhaped, and fragments of a Floriated Bronze Ornament, is. Four Heads, on< curiously carved.

19. A Copper Crucifix, gilded, from the churchyard at Newnham.

20. A pair oi [ron Forceps, found near Lydney.

Temporary Mrs rot, 43

By Mr. R. F. Tomes-

A collection of the several editions of the Royalist publications, as as follows : —

1. Boseobel ; or, the History of His Sacred Majestie's Most Miraculous

Preservation after the Battle of Worcester, SrdSeptember, 1651.

2. Edition 1660. The first part only, with portrait of the King, arms of

Colonel Carlis, and a plan of Boseobel.

3. Edition 1660. The first part only, portrait, but neither arms nor plan.

Appears to be quite distinct from the above, having on the title page and other places in the text, a somewhat different type. Moreover the dedication to the King is in smaller type and has an addition. This is probably the second edition.

4. Edition 1662. Two parts complete, with portrait, arms and plan of

of Boseobel.

5. Edition 16S0. Two parts complete, with portrait, arms and plan, to

which is added Mrs. Anne Windham's Claustrum Regale Reservatum, with ornamented title to the last, representing Trent and Worcester. This is styled on the title page, "the 3rd edition with additions."

6. Edition 17*25. Two parts, and the Claustrum Regale Reservatum,

styled "the 4th edition."

7. Edition 1743. A re-print of the last, but styled " the 5th edition."

S. Edition 1748. Similar to the last, but styled " the 6th edition."

9. Edition 1769. Published at Worcester, with a plan of the Battle of Worcester, of Boseobel, and an illustration representing the King making his escape under the protection of the Pendrells. No portrait.

10. Edition 1786. Published at Birmingham.

Edition 1S09. The first part only. Published at Doncaster.

11. Edition 1822. Published at Wellington. A re-print of the 1st edition,

and containing the first part only.

12. Edition 1858. Boseobel; or, a Narrative of the Adventures of Chas. II. ,

with illustrations, Svo, Wolverhampton. A distinct work from any of the foregoing.

13. Edition 1860. London. A re-print of the first part only.

14. White-Ladies ; or, His Sacred Majesties .Most Miraculous Preservation

after the Battle at Worcester September 3, 1651. Faithfully imparted for the satisfaction of the Nation by Eye-witnesses. By Special Command. London, 16t>0.

15. The Royal Oake ; or, an Historical Description of the Royal Progress,

wonderful travels, miraculous escapes, ami strange accidents of His Sacred Majesty Charles the II., Third Monarch of Great Britain, By John Danvers, a loyal subject and servant to His Majesty.

London, 1660.

16. An Account of the Preservation of King Charles II., after the Battle

of Worcester. Drawn up by himself. London, 1>S0.'{. This is an extract from Pepys Diary.

44 Transactions at Evesham.

17. A Short History of the Life of Major John Bernardi. He was at one

time a resident in Evesham, and in tin's work is an account of the escape of Charles II. after the Battle of Worcester. London, 1 7*29.

18. VindicicB Thesium de Sabbato, or a vindication of certain passages in a

sermon (delivered at Pebworth, Gloucester, March 6th, 1649) of the morality of the sabbath, from the exceptions to which they are unjustly subjected by Edward Fisher, Esq., in his book called a Christian Caveat, &c. By Giles Collier, M.A. , Preacher of the Gospel at Blockley, in Worcestershire. London, 1653.

19. A True Relation of the late Expedition of his Excellency, Robert Earle

of Essex, for the Relief of Gloucester, with the description of the right at Newbury. London, 4to, 1643.

20. A True Relation of a wicked Plot intended and still on foot against the

City of Gloucester, to betray the same into the hands of cavaliers. London, 4to, 1844.

21. Hydrologia Philosophica ; or, an account of Ilmington Waters in War-

wickshire ; with directions for the drinking of the same. By Sam. Derham, Bachelor in Physic, lately of Magd. Hall, Oxon. Oxford, 16S5.

22. A collection of Coats of Arms borne by the Nobility and Gentry of the

County of Gloucester. London, 4to, mdccxcii.

23. A collection of Gloucestershire Antiquities. By Samuel Lysons, F.R.S.,

F.A.S. London, folio, 1803.

24. An Early-English Tyg, or Three-handled Drinking Cup.

25. A Bellarmine, or Grey-beard Jug, of the time of Queen Elizabeth.

26. A Tea Service of Old Worcester China, consisting of thirty-one pieces

of black transfer ware, decorated by copper-plate representations of classical buildings in ruin. '_'7. A Tea Service of the same ware, consisting of fourteen pieces of fine porcelain, white relieved by a delicate embossed pattern, and a blue border, marked by a crescent.

28. Part of a Tea Service, consisting of ten pieces richly decorated with a

scale blue and white ground, and flowers and insects in bands and panels. Marked with the square Japanese mark.

29. A large Lozenge-shaped Fruit Dish, with floriated handles, and richly

painted with flowers and insects.

By Mr. 1. A\ kkill—

I. A Painting in Oil of the Church of St. Eadburg, Broadway. By

Parkman, R.A.

By T. S. Shekell —

1. A Chalice and I'atten of latten metal, found in a stone coffin in the chancel of Pebworth Church.

By tli<: Rev. S. E. Baktleet— 1. A re-print of a Tract by Jonathan Hulls, of Chipping Campden, entitled "A Description and Draught of a New-Invented Machine for carrying Vessels or Ships Out of or Into any Harbour, Port, or River, against Wind and Tide, or in a ('aim, &c, 1737" London, re-printed lsoo.

Temporary MtrsEnsr. 45

By Mr. George Eades —

1. A Repeater Watch, called a " Xuremburg Egg," found on pulling

down an old house in Evesham, and supposed to have belonged to Charles I. or one of his officers.

2. A Roman Gem, in mediaeval setting as a signet ring — device, a sphinx ;

inscription, LicocATRix ; found with a hoard of coins of Edward I. in the abbey gardens, Evesham.

3. A Processional Cross of Evesham Abbey.

4. A collection of Roman Coins in five trays.

By Mr. H. Ward—

A collection of Coins, about 120 in number, all found within a radius of 7 miles of Evesham, comprising : —

1. A Gold Coin (Boadicea), found near Rous Lench.

2. Fourteen Silver and one Gold Coin of the early Henrys' and Edwards'

reign, found in the neighbourhood of Evesham.

3. A Gold Coin, supposed to be of Richard III., found near Hampton.

4. A Silver Coin of Henry VIII., and a base Coin of the same king,

found in old buildings in Evesham.

5. A Sixpence of Queen Mary, and a Shilling of William and Mary,

found in old buildings in Evesham.

6. Thirty-six Coins, all silver, of different mintages of Queen Elizabeth,

all found in old buildings in Evesham.

7. Four Silver and one Gold Coin of James I., found near Evesham.

S. One Fourpenny, seven Sixpenny, and ten Shilling pieces of Charles I.,

found in old buildings in Evesham. 9. A clipped Half-crown of the same reign, found in Evesham.

10. Two Silver Coins of the Commonwealth period.

11. Two Crown-pieces, one Half-crown, one Hulling, twoFourpenny-picces,

three Threepenny-pieces, and one Twopenny-piece, of the reign of Charles II., all of silver, and found near Evesham.

12. One Half-crown, one Shilling-piece, and a Farthing of William and

Mary, found in old buildings in Evesham.

13. Five Shilling-pieces, three Sixpenny, and one Threehalfpenny-piece of

the reign of Queen Anne.

14. Six Silver Coins of George I., II., and III.

15. A Silver Medal, struck to commemorate the marriage of George III.

and Queen Charlotte.

16. A Silver Medal, struck to commemorate the Institution of the British

and Foreign Bible Society.

17. A Gold Twisted Talque, found at OfFenham.

18. A Bronze Roman Catholic Ornament, found at Netherton, nr. Evesham.

19. An Antique Silver Watch, made by Francis l'crkins, of Evesham, date

about 1075.

By Mr. T. Adkjns— 1. A Matchlock.

46 Transactions at Evesham.

2. A Photograph, shewing a great number of human skeletons exhumed at Milcote, near Stratford-on-Avon, in 1S66.

By Mr. G. Woodman, 1. A Brass Tobacco Box, of an oval form, ornamented by armorial bear- ings.

By Mr. H. Fowler— 1. A Matcldock.

By Mr. John Hopkins —

1. A small Drawing, in frame, with the following inscription: — "The

Delineation of a Chair and a Stool now in the possession of \V»> Sands Esqr of Barton-on-the-Heath in the County of Warwick, said to be the property of Ks Charles the first, and to have been used upon the Scaffold of that unfortunate monarch at the time of his execution, 1724

J. H. Delhi"

By the Borough of Evesham —

The Governing Charter of the Town. Dated at Westminster, 3rd April, 3rd James I., 1603. Temporarily suspended by James II: but restored in 16S8.

2. Two Maces, silver gilt.

3. A Silver Cup and Patten, silver gilt.

Lint op Society's Books. 47

List of Books belon<:tn<: to the Bristol and Gloucestershire

ArcH.EOLOi; RA L SOCJ ETY.

(Deposited at the Museum and Library, Bristol)

. Antiquaries, Proceedings of the Society of (2nd series), Vols. I to IX. part 3,

1859-1883. (In exchange for the Transactions of the Bristol <£• Glouces-

ti rshire Archaeological Society ). Arclueologia Cantiana, Vols. I. to VIII. ( By purchase). Archseologia Cantiana, Vol. IX. [Presented by the Kent Archaeological Society). Archajologia Cantiana, Vols. X. to XV. (In exchange). Archaeological Journal, Vols. I-V. (By purchase). Archaeological Journal, Vols. VI-XXV. 1849-1868. (Presented by the Council

of the Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland). Archa'ological Journal, Vols. XXYI-XXXIII. {By purchase <C- presentation ). Archaeological Journal, Vols. XXXIII-XLI. (In exchange). Baves of Bath and of Barrow Court, Tickenham, co. Somerset, by Rev. F. J.

Poynton. (Presented by the Author.) Bath, Monumental Inscriptions at, by Anthony A. Wood. (Presented by

J. (!. Godwin). Bitton, History of the Parish of, by the Rev. Henry Thomas Ellacombe,

M.A., F.S.A., Vicar of St. George's, Clyst. 2 Vols, 4to. Privately

Printed (By Purchase). Booterstown and Donnybrook, sketches of, by Rev. B. H. Blacker, M.A.,

parts 3 and 4. Dublin, 1872, 1874, 12mo (Presented by the Author). Blading, Remains of Roman Buildings at, by John E. Price, F.S.A. and

F. G. Hilton Price, F.G.S. (By exchange.) Bristol & Gloucestershire Archaeological Society's Transactions, Vol. I.-VIII. Bristol, Bath, and South Wales Archaeological Magazine, Parts 1, 2, and 3.

[all printed] (Presented by Mr. Kerslahe). London, 1843

Essex Archaeological Society, Transactions of (new series), Vols. I. and II.,

part 3. Gloucestershire Notes & Queries, Vol. I. (Presented by Rev. II. B. Blacker). Gloucestershire Notes and Queries, Vol. II. (By purchase). Gloucestershire, Ordnance Map of. ( By purchase).

Gloucestershire, Bells of, by the Rev. H. T. Ellacombe. (By purchase. ) Kclston, Memorials of the Parish of, by the Rev. F.J. Poynton. [Presented

by the Author).

Montgomeryshire Collections, Vols. XL toXVIL, Part 3. (In exclu nge).

Index to, Vols. I. -XIV. Scotland, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of. [New series).

Vols I-V. (In excliange.) Scraps of Ancient Bristol.

48 Transactions at Evesham.

Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society's Journal, Vols.

III.-VII1. Taunton, 1879-80. (In exchange). Stonehenge and its Barrows, l>y William Lam;, M.A., F.S.A. (Presented

by the author). Devises, 187(5, imp. 8vo.

ENGRAVINGS.

Engravings, various (Presented by S. Lang, Esq., and others).

ANTIQUITIES.

Ancient Stone, found in Bristol. (Presented by Mr. Pope.)

(Deposited at the Museum, Gloucester.)

Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, Transactions of, Vols.

I. -VIII. Bristol, Bath, and South Wales Archaeological Magazine, Parts 1 , 2, and 'A.

(all printed) (Presented by Mr.Kerslahe). London 1843 (duplicate copy) British Archaeological Association, Journal of, Vols. I. -IV., XVI., XVII, XXV-XXX. (By purchase.)

British Archa-ological Association, Journal of, Vols. XXXV. -XLI. (In exchange).

British Barrows, by Rev. W. Greexwell, M.A., and PROFESSOR RoiXESTON,

M.D. ( Presented by Professor Rolleston). Oxford, 1877, Svo.

Cheltenham, Monumental Inscriptions in the Parish Church of, by Rev.

B. H. Blackek, M.A. (Presented by the author). London, 1877

Corinium, Remains of Roman Art at. (Presented by Lev. E. Estcourt).

4 to, 1850. Cotteswold Games. London, 1G3G. (Presented by Sir Brook Kay, Bart.) Cornwall, Journal of the Royal Institution of,1 Nos. V.-XXIX. (In exchange). Cornwall, Various Reports of the Royal Institution of. (In exchange)

Cotteswold Field Club, Journal of, Vols. I- VI. (In exchange). Dean, Iron-making in the Forest of, by Rev. H. G. NlCHOLLS. (Presented

by Sir John Maclean, F.S.A.) London, 18(56.

Derbyshire Archaeological and National History Society, Journal of, Vols.

IV-VII. (In exchange.). Gloucester, Fosbrooke's History of the City of, London, 1819, folio. (Presen- ted by Rev. E. Estcourt). Gloucestershire, Ancient Camps of, by G. F. Plavnk, Esq., F.G.S.

[Presented by the author). Goldcliff, and the Ancient Roman Inscribed Stones found there, edited by

.). I'. Rtlands, F.S.A. (I'n si nti il by the Cheshire and Lancashire

Record Society). Holland, History of the Parish of, by Sir John Maclean, F.S.A.

(Presented by th author). (Privately printed).

Herefordshire, Webb's Memorials of the Civil War in, 2 Vols., Spo, 1878 (P) i .-i nti il by la v. E. Estcourt).

The earlier relumes were presented bj the Council of the Society.

List of Society's Books. 49

Ireland, Journal of Royal Archaeological and Historical Association of, 4th

series. Vols. I. to V. [Presented by the Association). Kempley, description of the Paintings in the church of, by J. T. Mickle-

thwaite. ( Presented by Sir John Maclean). ito pamphlet, 1SS0.

L' Antiquite" Expliqm'e, Par Bernard De Montfaucon, m.dccxix., 15 vols.,

folio. (By purchase). Leigh, co. Lancaster, The Grammar School of, by John E. Bailey, F.S.A.

(Presented by Sir John Maclean, F.S.A.) (Pamphlet).

"" Life and Letters of Florence MacCarthy Mor," by Daniel MacCakthy,

(Presented by Sir John Maclean). 8vo, 1867.

List of Buildings having Mural Decorations. (Presented by Science and Art

Department, South K< nsington). Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, Roman Antiquities at, by Rev. W. H. BATHURST. (Presented by the Monmouthshire and Ca<rleon Antiquarian Society). Minchinhampton, Extracts from accounts of Churchwardens of, edited by

John Bruce, F.S.A. (Presented by Miss Stokes). Parker Society, The Zurich Letters (2nd series, part 1). (Presented by Miss

Stokes). Cambridge, 1840, Svo.

Porlock, co. Somerset, Sculptured Monuments of the 15th century in the

Church of S. Dubricius, by Maria Halliday. (Presented by Rev.

F. S. Poynton.) Svo, 1S82

Plymtree, Notice of Paintings of Henry VII., Prince Arthur and Cardinal

Morton on the Chancel Screen of, by Rev. T. Mozley, Rector of

Plymtree, folio. (Presented by Sir John Maclean, F.S.A.)

S. Minefreda, alias St. Minver, History of Parish of, by Sir John Maclean.

(Presented by the author.) Privately printed, 1876, 4to.

Sepulchral Monuments. Report of the Committee on. (Presented by Rev. E.

Est court). Tewkesbury, Abbey Church of, by Rev. J. L. Petit. (Presented by Sir John

Ma, -lean). Cheltenham, 1S48

Tintageland Trevalga, History of the Parishes of, by Sir John Maclean,

F.S.A. [Presented by the author). Privately printed, 1877, 4to.

"Violet le Due's, Restoration of Historical Monuments, translated by C.

Weatheeed. [Presented by the Translator). Warrington, an attempt to identify arms in the Parish Church and Austin

Friary of, by W. Beamont and .1. I'. RylaNDS, K.S.A. [Presented by

Sir John Mae/, an, E.S.A.) Wiltshire Archaeological Society & Natural History Magazine, Vols. I-XYI.

(By purchase). Wiltshire Archaeological Society & Natural History Magazine, Vols. XVII.-

XXI. (Jn exchange). 1877m»

Wiltshire, Domesday Book for, by Rev. W. H. JoNKS. [Presented by /■ v.

E. Estcourt). 'tt"- I865

Wixford Church, Warwickshire, by Rev. T. P. Wadlet, M.A. [Presented

bi/ the author). Vol. IX., part 1 E.

50 Transactions at Evesham.

Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, Parts 22-33 (In exchange).

ENGRAVINGS Scraps of Old Bristol, by F. W. Lockwood. (Presented by Sir John Maclean, F.S.A.

MANUSCRIPTS. Court Roll of the View of Frank Pledge of the Seven Hundred Division of Gloucestershire, viz: — Cirencester, Crowthorne, Rapsgate, Brightwell's Barrow, Longtree, and Wliitston. 7 Elizab, and 11 Elizab.

Pipe Roll of Charge and Discharge of Paul Tracy, Esq., Sheriff of Glou- cestershire, 28 Elizab. (By PurcJiasi )

COINS. A collection of Gloucestershire Tradesmen's Tokens, &c. (By purchase).

ANTIQUITIES. Cast of a fragment of Monumental Inscription, found in the ruins of the Chapel of the Hospital of St. John, Cirencester. (Presented by E. C. Sewell, Esq.)1 i Engraved Trans. Vol VIII., p. 184.

Ecclesiastical Effigies, Gloucestershire. 51

ON SOME SCULPTURED EFFIGIES

OF ECCLESIASTICS IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

By MARY ELLEN BAGNALL-OAKELEY.

In the century which immediately succeeded the Norman con- quest of England, the memorials of the dead consisted usually of slabs of stone or marble, on which were figured the symbol of the cross, and occasionally some device indicating the profession of the departed ; or upon the coffin was placed a coped lid, either quite plain or similarly ornamented. To these succeeded an attempt to represent the person commemorated by an effigy in low relief, and in the 14th century it was a common practice to place on the slab or coffin lid the face, or upper part of the figure, either in relief, or incised : gradually these gave way to full length figures in low relief ; but figures of life-size, and high tombs were used only for the wealthy ; and it is therefore not common to find them commemorating priests and other ecclesiastics below the dignity of bishops and abbots, though they are occasionally met with in country churches and in some of our cathedrals and abbeys.

There are in Gloucestershire a few very interesting examples of ecclesiastical effigies, and these give a good representation of the habiliments of ecclesiastics of different degrees at the period in which they were executed, and of some of the changes which took place in thesis vestments from time to time. Monumental effigies are occasionally met with in processional, or choir habits, but they are generally represented as attired for the celebration of the Mass in the habits peculiar to their offices. In the case of bishops and mitred abbots these vestments were as follows (a special prayer being said as each was assumed) : —

52 Transactions at Evesham.

1st. The stockings or buskins • 2nd. The sandals

3rd. The amice 4th. The alb

5th. The girdle 6th. The stole

7th. The tunic 8th. The dalmatic

9th. The gloves 10th. The ring

11th. The chasuble 12th. The maniple

13th. The mitre 14th. The pastoral staff

An archbishop wore in addition a pallium, or pall, and used a crosier instead of a pastoral staff

The Stockings, or Caliyce,, or Buskins, as they are occasionally called, were anciently worn only by the Bishop of Rome, but in the 9th century they were generally used by all bishops, and local councils sanctioned them at different dates. They were made of cloth of gold or other costly material.

Sandals,2 or the official shoes of "an archbishop or bishop, were in early times made with very pointed toes, but by the 15th century they had become rounded, and are occasionally seen with square toes ; at first they were of leather, but after a time velvet was used as the material most easily ornamented with em- broidery. In Anglo-Saxon times sandals were worn by all clerics, but soon after the time of St. Osmond, Bishop of Salisbury, 1072- 1099, they began to be reserved for bishops.3

The Amice, or Amicius,4 was an oblong piece of fine linen, sometimes having on one side a piece of embroidery called an apparel,5 and it was worn by all the clergy above the minor

1 This list is from the Rationale of Durandus, Bishop of Mende, who died A.i). 1*296, and from some earlier writers on the subject.

2 So called because the leather of which they were made was dyed with sandal-wood.

3 At the same period the lower clergy in England were prohibited from wearing shoes or stockings dyed either green or scarlet. This has been emphatically forbidden by old national councils. That of Exeter in 1'2S7, and especially in the second (anon of the Council of London, 1342, is a pointed prohibition against their wearing green or scarlet-coloured leggings. — Vali<jir ruliti' sriirrtitn </ viriiles. (Wilkins, Concil. ii. p. 7<>.'i)- — Ed.

4 From amicere, to cover, as it was used to cover the head at certain parts of the service.

5 From parare, to ornament.

Ecclesiastical Effigies, Gloucestershire. 53

orders. It was first placed on the head like a hood,1 tied under the arms by strings, and only turned back on preparing to go to the altar. On early monuments the amice is represented like a stiff collar to the chasuble, and often shows the strings by which it was tied, but as time went on, it became looser and more carelessly executed, and is more like a falling collar upon the chasuble without any strings showing. In several early Anglo- Saxon pontificals the amice is alluded to as being one of the vest- ments used at the Altar, and at this time it seems to have been peculiar to England, for it was not till the 9th century that it was formally recognized by the whole western church.2

The Alb, or Tunica Alba,3 is a long white garment much resembling a surplice, but is an entirely distinct vesture, and may be known by the sleeves being made tight, so that the hands of the celebrant may be at liberty when ministering at the Altar, although on late monuments the sleeves are more full than at an earlier period. On some monuments the albs are very long and flowing nearly to the feet, and perfectly plain, while on others they are less full, short enough to show the cassock, and ornamented at the bottom of the skirt in front and round the wrists with embroidery. The first of these is probably the white alb plain, alluded to in the first prayer-book of Edward VI.4 which is called the " alba pura," the ornamented one being called "alba parata."

The Girdle, or Cingulum, was worn over the Alb and from ancient lists of vestments it would appear that the bishops wore

1 In early Saxon times the hood Mas of a three -cornered straight-sided shape, but afterwards the form became somewhat altered, still maintaining the triangular figure, but witli circular instead of straight lines on two of its sides and having its downward point much blunted, ami this shape con- tinued in use down to the period of the Reformation. As time advanced instead of being a practicable hood it became a mere ornament, sewn on to the vestment, whether Chasuble or Cope, of rich material and design, and not unfreipiently made of thin plates of solid gold or silver and glittering precious stones. — See Church of (Jar Fathers, Vol. II. pp. 33-30. — Ed.

3 Lee's Glossary of Liturgical & Ecclesiastical Terms.

3 Alba, white.

* See rubric at the commencement of the Office for Holy Communion,

54 Transactions at Evesham.

a second girdle called a subcinctorium, though it is not very clear how it was used.1 The cingulum was usually made of white thread twisted, with a tassel at each end, but in some cases it was made flat like a band, and is so represented in many old illuminated MSS.2

The Stole, or Ovarium? is a long narrow band or scarf of embroidered silk or other material with fringed ends, and is one of the ornaments still worn by the clergy of the church of England. Of the origin of the stole there is much uncertainty, some considering that it was originally a much larger garment called a stola, which was ornamented with two stripes of cloth, the width of which depended on the rank of the wearer,4 and that this became by degrees smaller and smaller, till nothing but the two stripes remained. The stole is worn by bishops, pendent in front, by priests it is ci'ossed over the breast, confined to the waist by being placed under the girdle, and deacons wear it over their left shoulder, and tied under the right arm. Before the use of the tunic and the later privilege of wearing the dalmatic were accorded to deacons, the stole was the emblem of their order, and it was delivered to them by the bishop at their ordination with the book of the Gospels.

The Tunic, or Colobiicm, or Subtile is similar in shape to the dalmatic, but has shorter sleeves, is longer in the skirt, and less decorated. It is worn by prelates over the alb, .and under the dalmatic, and is the peculiar dress of the sub-deacon when vested to assist at the Mass. Its use was introduced somewhat late, as there is no mention of it in the early writings, and in a.d. 590 St. Gregory says that the sub-deacons were arrayed in white albs at the Altar. In a.d. 1130 Honorious mentions that the garment proper to be worn by the sub-deacon was called the subtile.

1 This is now only used by the Pope of Rome.

2 See plate L in Marriott's Vestiarmn Cliristianum

8 Either from ova face, from the use to which it was applied of wiping the face, as well as shrouding it, or from orare, to pray, as it was worn by tiio early christians at public prayer.

4 If the wearer was of scnatorical rank, the stripe was wide, and was called Latus Clavus, if he was a knight, the stripe was narrow, and Mas called Augustus Clavus.

Ecclesiastical Effigies, Olofcesteeshire. 55

The Dalmatic. This is a long robe open on both sides, and probably derives its name from Dalmatia, where it was an ordinary dress. It has large wide sleeves, and was originally decorated with the two stripes, as in the case of the stola, and these are now represented by apparels before and behind the dalmatic. It was worn by several of the Roman emperors, and considered a garment peculiar to the regal power, and it is still worn by the Kings of England at their coronations with the tunic, stole, and cope or pall.

The dalmatic is the proper vesture for deacons when assisting at the Altar, but its use is not wholly confined to them, as it appears to have been used by prelates as early as the 4th century. It must have been in use in England in a.d. 687, for when the body of St. Cuthbert was disinterred in a.d. 1004, it is recorded that the body of the saint, amongst other vestments, was found in his dalmatic of purple.1 The ancient Sarum use required a bishop when saying Mass to be vested in both tunic and dalmatic, and it also directed the thurifers, candle-bearers, and singing clerks to be vested in tunics. Our present rubric directs that the " Gospeller and Epistoler " are to have upon them the vesture appointed for their ministry, that is to say " albs with tunicles."

The Gloves, Chirothecce of a prelate should be richly embroidered, and a jewelled ornament is often seen at the back of the hand : they were made originally of leather, but afterwards usually of white silk, and they have often tassels hanging from the wrists. The episcopal use of gloves is of considerable antiquity, and priests also wore them,- but their adoption as a part of the official

1 Kaine's St. Cuthbert, Appendix .'}, p. "202. — Ed.

2 We were not aware that gloves were worn in the solemnization of religious rites by ecclesiastics under the degree of a Bishop. These orna ments were made of the richest materials and decorated with the choicest needlework, and often enhanced with gold and jewels.

The tassels referred to in the text must not, however, be confounded with the taetellus. The latter consisted of plates of beaten gold or silver, often set with gems, ami used for the adornment in various ways of the sacred attire of the higher clergy (see ante under Amice). Among other uses small gold or silver plates set with precious stones were sewn on the backs of Episcopal Gloves: (Jhirothvcai Aurisfrisiiitw were worn by the Prion of Winchester. And in the year 1381, belonging to Canterbury

56 Transaction's at Evf.shaM.

habiliments of a bishop did not take place until about the 12th century.1

The Ring, annulus is often worn over the gloves. It was adopted as one of the bishop's official insignia as early as the 4th century, and it has been found in the coffins of several Anglo- Saxon prelates. It was made of gold, and often set with a jewel.2

The Chasuble or Planeta? is the last and most important of the priestly habits for the Mass, and is often spoken of as The Vest- ment. There is but little doubt that the chasuble, as it is represented on ancient monuments, is almost identical in shape with the ves- ture which was used in celebrating the Holy Mysteries in the very earliest ages of the church, for in the catacombs at Rome, and in the frescos and mosaics of the most ancient churches in Christen- dom, the ministers at the Altar are represented in vestments of a similar shape, and in the oldest illuminated manuscripts, the priest is always depicted at the Altar in a vesture of this kind, varying a little in size and fulness at different dates, but with very slight change from the original form, except that it became gradually smaller, and more stiff and rigid from excess of ornamentation. It owes its origin to a species of cloak which

Cathedral were : Chirothecce B. de Winchelsea cum perulis et gemmis in plata quadrata. And again : Item — Par unam cum tesselis argenteis et par via lapidibus. — Ed.

1 Haines says they were worn in the Sth century. — Monumental Brasses,

p. LXX.

- Xot every ring worn by a Bishop was an Episcopal ring, hut that which when vested was worn on the last finger but one of his right hand. English Bishops, when celebrating high mass, often wore several rings, par- ticularly a large one on the thumb ; and it is to be remarked that in mediaeval times this, as well as the pontifical and every other ring, seems never to have been passed below the second joint of the linger, but it is otherwise now. The pontifical ring was generally rich, and in consequence of its being intended to be worn over a glove it was large and massive. It is often set with a valuable jewel, generally a saphire, a large emerald, or a ruby. The signet ring was quite different. It is curious that Doctors in Divinity, in virtue of their degrees, are entitled to wear rings, but they must nut them oil when they celebrate mass. They were wholly forbidden to the clergy of lower degree. — En.

8 From Castlla, a little home, or dwelling, as this gaiment was originally very large and nearly covered the wearer.

Ecclesiastical Effigies, Gloucestershire. 57

was called by the Romans the pcenula, and it is supposed by many commentators to be the same kind of mantle as that mentioned by St. Paul, when he requested Timothy to bring with him the cloak, which was left at Troas with Carpus. ] For several centuries the pamula was worn both by clerics and laymen alike, but when fashion had invented some other clothing for the latter, the pamula continued to be the usual dress of the clergy, and was indicative of their order in society. It was not till many years had elapsed, that it became, as it were, dedicated to the service of the altar, and it is not till the closing part of the 6th century that it is alluded to as a strictly sacerdotal vestment. -

The Maniple or Fanon,is represented on monuments as worn on left arm, but in early MSS. and frescos, it is represented as held in the left hand of the minister. It is shaped somewhat like the stole, though it does not always match it in shape or size, and both vary slightly at different dates. Originally the maniple was a narrow band of linen, some say that it was used to wipe the chalice previous to the first oblation, others consider that it was for the purpose of wiping the perspiration from the brow of the minister ; but for whatever purpose it was originally intended, it became as time went on so richly embroidered with gold and jewels, that it was useless for either purpose, though it continued to be retained as one of the sacred ecclesiastical ornaments, and was worn by bishops, priests, and deacons without distinction, and at the ordination of a sub-deacon the bishop placed the maniple on his left arm, as appears from the pontificals.

1 II Timothy iv, 13.

2 England was always famous for the richness and beauty of her sacred vestments. Italy could not shew anything equal to them. The sequence of colours in the Anglo-Saxon Church was, to a great extent, continued in the Salisbury U8e, which differed, in some respects, from the use in the Roman Communion, e.g. the ferial colour, according to the former, was blue. The chasuble of Abbot Foliot is so coloured (see post p. ">!i ), whilst in the latter it was, and we believe is, green. Hence before the rage of " restoration" set in, the altar covering in many of our old country churches was blue ; faded, dirty, and shabby, as it usually was. In some places yellow vestments were worn. It is to be regretted that in the resumption of these seemly vestures in our services the old English use of Salisbury Mas not restored,— Bit,

5S Traksaction-s at Evesham.

The Mitre, or Mitra. There are three kinds of mitre, the first, or plain mitre (simplex) is made of white linen, and only ornamented by a gold or crimson lining. Secondly, the gold embroidered mitre, or aurifrir/iata, which owes its ornamentation to a few small pearls, and is made of either cloth of gold, or of white slik wrought in gold. Thirdly, the Precious Mitre (Pretiosa), which is decorated with precious stones and often adorned with sheets of gold or silver. This is the mitre usually seen on effigies from the 14th to the middle of the 16th century. Attached to the hinder part of the mitre are two bands, or fillets, slightly widened at the ends and fringed, called Vittae or Infulae.

The earliest form of the mitre was that of a simple cap with the infula? hanging down behind it. In the 12th century it was like a large cap with a depression in the middle, which produces the effect of two blunt horns : in the 13th century this depression became deeper, and the mitre higher, and it was put on in such a manner that the horns came before and behind the head ; these horns were gradually raised, and made more pointed, till they produced the elegant form of mitre seen in the 14th century,

The Pastoral Staff, or baculus, is formed on the model of a shepherd's crook, and its use is of great antiquity. St. Isodore, of Seville, at the end of the 6th century writes as follows: — " On the bishop is bestowed a staff at the time of his consecration, that he may, as this sign suggests, both govern and rebuke the people committed to his charge, and support the infirmities of such as are weak.1 In depriving an ecclesiastic, we are told that the bishop took off the offender's vestments with the pointed end of his staff.2

The Pastoral Staff is still retained by the Church of England as one of the pontifical ornaments.3

The Crozier is the term for the cross mounted on a staff,

which is used by the archbishops and patriarchs instead of the

pastoral staff. Its use is very ancient, for it was borne before

St. Anselm. Round the staff of both these is wrapped a Hag, or

pennon, which is attached to the upper part by a cord : it is called

1 De Officiis Ecclesiasticis. : Haines' brasses, p. lxxii.

3 Rubric in 1st prayer book of Edward Vl,

Pn

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Ecclesiastical Effigies, Gloucestershire. 59

vexillum, or sudarium. It is said to be so placed that it may protect the staff from injury to the metal from contact with a moist hand — or to preserve the glove ; but its origin is doubtful.

The Pallium, or Pall, is exclusively an archiepiscopal vestment, and was not left behind for transmission to a successor, but each new archbishop had to ask the Pope to grant the favour : and it was always buried with the wearer. When worn this vestment had the form of the letter Y, and was charged with four crosses, pattee Jitchee,1 There is one other ornament, which is occasion- ally seen on early monuments, which must be described ; this is the Pectoral, or Rationale, which was worn by prelates over the chasuble at mass, and is a squai'e plate of gold or silver, either jewelled or enamelled, and is sometimes seen on monumental effigies earlier than the 14th century : since which time it seems to have gone out of use.

The cathedral at Gloucester was originally the church of the Benedictine Abbey of St. Peter, and it contains the monuments of four of its abbots. The earliest of these is probably the effigy of Henry Foliot a.d. 1243, in whose time the abbey was re-dedicated. (PL I.) This effigy is now lying upon a bracket on the south side of the Presbytery, where it is said to have been placed at the time of the alterations by Abbot Parker. Two weeping monks are at the feet, and two angels at the corners of a triple canopy over the head. The effigy is bareheaded, the hair is in stiff rolls, the face bearded, and the ears represented as very Large and prominent, as was usual at that date. The vestments are those of a priest, for St. Peter's had not yet become a mitred abbey, and the pastoral staff broken at the head lies on the left arm ; it is without sudarium. The vestments are all plain, but the chasuble, which is long and ample, bears traces of having been coloured pale blue. The stole is remarkably narrow, not one-third of the width of the maniple. In the right hand, and resting on the breast, is the representation of a church. Leland ascribes this monument to Serlo, who was abbot in 1072, and who built some of the Norman portions of the

1 Its form can still bo seen on the armorial bearings of the 8ce of Canterbury.

60 Transaction's at Evesham.

abbey church; but if it was placed to his memory, it was executed many years later.

In the crypt is a coffin lid ornamented at the upper end with a trefoiled arch, on the right side of which rests the head of a pastoral staff. There are traces of the figure of an abbot on the slab, but it has been cut away to a flat surface, and the stone with its face downwards had been used in the flooring of the north transept. At the south entrance to the ambulatory is the chapel, and alabaster effigy of Abbot Seabrook, who died in 1457. The tower of the edifice was begun by him, and several other portions of the church are his work. His effigy represents him as a prelate, for St. Peter's was now a mitred abbey, and he had a right to be so represented.1 On his head he wears the mitra pretiosa, and ill his right hand he carries his pastoral staff; the head of which is gone, the lower part is enveloped in the sudarium. The vestments are all plain, but probably they were originally coloured. The stole and maniple have deep fringe : the tunic and dalmatic, plain, the latter showing the opening at the side, the alb very long, almost covering the feet ; the amice showing the strings by which it was tied, and the chasuble very long, and ample ; the hands are broken off The episcopal sandals are plain, and very pointed, and the feet rest on a lion. 2 (PL II.)

In a chapel on the north side of the choir is the exquisitely carved alabaster cenotaph which Abbot Parker prepared as his last resting place ; but in which his body probably never lay : for before his death in 1539 the dissolution of St. Peter's had taken place, and Parker, its last abbot had gone forth to end his days in obscurity. His effigy lies on a high tomb with three panels on each side ; the first and third have escutcheons with emblems of the passion ; the middle oik- bears the arms of the abbot, a buck trippctnt between, three p/tous i r it hin a bordure engrailed. The effigy is vested in full pontificals, the head wears the precious mitre, and a pastoral staff, enveloped in the sudarium lies on the

1 The first mitred abbot was Walter Froucester, c. 1381.

- When this tomb was opened in 174-1, a pastoral staff was found, which is now in tho Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne, It is -1 feet 11 inches long and made of close grained wood.

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Ecclesiastical Effioif.s, Gu>FrESTF/asuiRF.. 61

right arm. The alb is plain with large sleeves, and the maniple hangs loosely far back on the arm, the amice is plain, but appears as if stiff from the embroidery upon it, the tunic and dalmatic have been painted with red and gold orphreys and fringe, and the chasuble has been coloured red ; sandals, with embroidery and jewels, are on the feet, which rest on a buck, the abbot's badge. On the wall at the head of the monument is his shield of anus, surmounted by a mitre.

In a chapel on the north side of the Lady Chapel lies the recumbent figure of Godfrey Goldsborough, the sixth Bishop of Gloucester. He died in 1G04, and little more than sixty years had passed away since the death of its last abbot ; but in that short time the graceful vestments, which had been worn by the prelates of the Church for nearly a thousand years had all been swept away, and Her bishops were now arrayed in the inelegant garments, which since the Reformation have been their usual official dress. The effigy is shewn as wearing a white rochet, black chimere, with lawn sleeves, scarf or tippet, ruff, and black scull cap.

The chapel of the Hospital of St. Mark at Billeswick (now called the Mayor's Chapel,) which was originally the chapel of Dominican Friars called Les bons Homines, who were brought over into England by Richard, Earl of Cornwall in the reign of Hen. TI I. contains the finely sculptured effigy of Miles Salley, Bishop of Llandaff, and previously Abbot of Eynsham, who is represented in the usual pontifical vestments with precious mitre, plain tunic, dalmatic, and chasuble : the stole is not visible, and the maniple is but faintly indicated amongst the folds of the chasuble and sleeves of the dalmatic and alb, the amice is plain, and falls like a collar on the chasuble, jewelled gloves, feet in sandals and resting on a dog, the face closely shaven ; in his left arm is the pastoral staff veiled with the sudarium. Bishop Salley died in 1">1G, and is said to have re-constructed the east end of the chapel with its fine windows, and late perpendicular niches, and tabernacle work below. He also, without doubt, erected the delicately carved canopies under which rest his effigy, and those of the Berkeleys

62

Transactions at Evesham.

near him. In Bristol Cathedral there are three effigies of former abbots of the Augustinian House, of which the cathedral was originally the church. The earliest is to the memory of Abbot Knowle, whose rule extended from 130G to 1332. The beautiful eastern portion of the cathedral was entirely remodelled by him, and some of the Decorated portions are his work. His

Fig 4.

effigy lies under an ornate Berkeley -arched recess on the north side of the choir, near the high altar, and is vested in full pontificals,

Ecclesiastical Effigies, Gloucestershire. 63

as a mitred abbot. He wears the precious mitre, and carries his pastoral staff on his right arm ; the head of this staff is very beautiful, the crook is turned outwards,1 and its weight appears resting on an angel which is near the abbot's head : the vestments are all plain, except the tunic, which shows under the dalmatic, and appears to be embroidered with a twisted scroll pattern : the maniple is wide and plain, and the stole is not visible ; the feet which are broken, rest on a dog, the hands crossed, on his breast, covered with jewelled gloves, without rings (Fig. J/..)

Walter Newberry, who was abbot in 1463, is supposed to be commemorated by the effigy which lies under a similar arch in the same wall as Abbot Knowle. His vestments are almost identical in pattern with those of the latter, except that his tunic is plain. Over his jewelled glove he wears a ring on the third finger of his right hand ; the top of his pastoral staff is gone ; his feet in sandals, rest on a dog, and there are angels at his head.

Abbot Newland or Nailheart, lies on the opposite side of the choir under a similar arch. He was the 21st abbot, and ruled the monastery from 1481 to 1515. He was called the good abbot, as his time was wholly given to religion and alms deeds. The great central tower of the abbey was remodelled during his rule, and he re-constructed the roof of the north transept.2 His vestments are similar to those of the other abbots, but upon his jewelled

1 It has been stated as distinguishing the Pastoral Staff of a Bishop from that of an Abbot, that the crook of the former is turned outward, or from him, as indicating his jurisdiction over a diocese, whilst that of the latter is turned inwards to signify that Ids authority is confined within his House. Facts, however, will not support this ingenious theory, for among the numerous monuments which remain to us, both in the effigiea on their tombs and the seals to their charters and other instruments, we find, as in the case brought under our notice by Mrs. Oakeley, Abbots, and even Abbesses, holding their staves with the crook away from themselves ; \\ bilst in many instances Bishops are found holding theirs with the crooks inwards. It is therefore evident there never was any rule upon this Bubject.

A similar theory existed, without any greater authority, at hast in England, with respect to the Sudarium on the Stall', that its presence dil tinguished the Staff as that of an Abbot and not ol Bishop. \\\ have seen ante p. 59, that the Btaff of Abbot Foliot is without a wdarium. It is clear that the sudarium was not significant of any degree or status, but was used simply for the purposes mentioned in the text.- En. 2 Sec King, ante Vol. III. p. 10G

64 Transactions at Evesham.

glove he wears on his left hand rings on the third and first fingers. Angels are at his head and feet, and resting on the latter is a shield upon which is carved the rebus on his name, three nails piercing a heart, gutee de sang (Fig. 3.)

In the north transept of the cathedral is the singular effigy of Bishop Paul Bush, first Bishop of Bristol, who was appointed in 1552. He was chaplain to Henry VIII., and before the dissolution was prior of the Monastery of Bons Homines,1 at Edyngdon, Fi„ 5

Edyngton, in Wiltshire. Upon the death of Edward VI., Queen Mary issued a fiat to deprive him of the See, as he had violated his vow of celebacy f but he anticipated this, and retired into private life in 1553. He died in 1558, and his effigy represents him as an attenuated corpse lying in the tomb : his head rests upon an episcopal mitre, which is almost flattened by the weight, and on his right side lies his pastoral staff. A large slab sup- ported by columns shades his effigy, and there are coats of arms at the top of each with an inscription round the slab.

Another of these eccentric monuments is at Westbury-on-Trym near Bristol. It was erected over the grave of John Carpenter, Bishop of Worcester, and Provost of Oriel College, Oxford, who died in 1476, and whose emaciated corpse is represented as lying in its grave on the north side of the chancel ; the only memorial of his former honour and dignity being his pastoral staff, which lies by his left side. Bishop Carpenter was a native of Westbury, and appears to have been much attached to the place, for though he died at his episcopal residence at Worcester, he directed that his body should be interred at Westbury. He was one of the great church-builders of the 15th century ; and part of St. Mary's, Oxford, which was the work of that time, is said to have been designed by him. He re-built the Benedictine Monastery at

1 There were only three of these Houses in England : the one, of which St. Mark's, or the Mayor's Chapel, at Bristol was the church, another at Axbridge, in Buckinghamshire, ami the third at Edington in Wiltshire.

2 His wife was buried near him witli this inscription, " of your eharitie pray for the soul of Edith Bush otherwise Ashley who deceased 8 Oct. 1553,"

Ecclesiastical Effigies, Gloucsstershibe. 65

Westbury, and persuaded his friend William Canynges to be its first Dean, and no doubt his great skill and experience aided Canynges when he was engaged on his magnificent work at Redcliffe Church. His tomb has been restored by Oriel College, Oxford.

A similar kind of effigy lies on a tomb in the Abbey Church of Tewkesbury. It is known as the " Skeleton Monk," and is said to be a memorial of the last Abbot of Tewkesbury, but the work is of far earlier date ; and the wasted form on the tomb is not in the least applicable as a monument of one, who amidst the ruins of the Reformation took such excellent good care of himself, as did Abbot Wakeman, the last Abbot of Tewkesbury. l

Monumental effigies of priests are usually represented in their Eucharistic vestments, viz. : the amice, alb, girdle, stole, maniple, and chasuble, and of the latter there are two varieties, the one long and ample, evidently intended to represent some soft material, and falling in graceful folds, without ornament of any kind, and with this is worn the plain soft amice, and a long and perfectly plain alb ; the other kind of chasuble is shorter,- made of some stiff material, and ornamented either with a pallium-shaped orphrey,- or embroidered in some other way. This is usually accompanied by a stiff embroidered amice, and an alb made shorter and less full than the other, and with apparels in front at the bottom of the skirt. The cause of this difference in the vestments is not satisfactorily explained ; possibly the uses of different religious orders may have had something to do with it, as the Cistercian Abbot, Stephen Harding, in a. n. 1114, forbade chasubles in his church to be made of anything but fustian and plain linen;3 and this was no doubt followed as the Cistercian Use, till a late period, when the austerity of their rule was some- what relaxed,

1 Notes on the Tombs in Tewkesbury Abbey by Rev. \V. S. Symonds, Transactions of B. & G. A. S., Vol II., page 209.

2 Pliny says that the Phrygians invented embroidery, hence an em- broiderer was called in Latin " Phrygio, and the needle work " Phrygium." When the design was wrought in gold it was called " auriphrygium," ■whence comes in English our won! "Orphrey." I >r. Hoik "in Textile fabrics," p. 79. :i Dr. Rock in "Textile fabrics." page 7M.

Vol. IX. part 1. F

CG Transactions at Evesham.

Good examples of both these sets of vestments are to be seen in the two figures in Newland Church, where they lie side by side on temporary bases, to which they were removed at the " restoration " of the church. One is a beautifully executed figure of early 14th century work (PL III.) It is evidently intended to represent a young priest ; and his vestments are of the plain and flowing kind, with a remarkably narrow stole, and very long alb. His hair is long, and wavy, with a small tonsure and shaven face. The other shews an effigy of later date, and of much inferior workmanship. (PI. IV.) It has the ornamented amice and alb, and a stiff chasuble with a pallium-shaped Orphrey. The hair is short, with small tonsure and shaven face, and the feet are in the boots of a monk.1

At English Bicknor there is an effigy of an ecclesiastic in the plain vestments, but without either stole or maniple. It is of inferior workmanship, and the head appears to have been restored by a common workman, as the eyes and mouth are represented by mere slits, and the whole head is of a different workmanship from the rest of the figure.

At Notgrove there is a high tomb in the churchyard, the panelled sides of which are ornamented with quartrefoils, inclos- ing Tudor roses, and lozenges alternately. Reclining on this tomb is the effigy of a priest in eucharistic vestments, but the stole is not visible.2 By the side of this tomb is one which is popularly ascribed to Dick Whittington,but it is evidently a priestly figure in chasuble, &c, though too much damaged by exposure to the weather to describe more particularly. At Leckhampton, near Cheltenham, there is a fine recumbent effigy of a priest now lying in the churchyard ( PlateV.J, but the details of his vesture are fast disappearing from the effects of weather, and the drip of flic trees under which the monument has unfortunately been placed. The effigy appears to be of later date than the others ; the chasuble is longer and more ample, and is rounded in front, the amice is

1 The monk wore boots, the canon shoes, and the friar sandals.

- This tomb is fully described by the Rev. W. Razeley in the Transactions of the Society, Vol. VII., p. 33.

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Ecclesiastical Effigies, Gloucestershire. 67

represented as a collar falling upon it without any strings showing, and the sleeves of the alb are loose, all of which changes show it to have been executed late in the 15th or in the 16th century. There is no maniple, and only one end of the stole is visible, making it appear as if worn by a deacon, which is no doubt the omission of a careless workman. In the hands is a chalice, and probably a wafer, but the stone is too much decayed to speak decidedly of this part of the figure. In Cirencester Church there are two mutilated priestly effigies, both are wearing the eucharistic vestments.

There are but few examples of sculptured effigies in the canonical or processional habits of ecclesiastics, and it is somewhat singular that while brasses usually represent them in these habili- aments, their sculptured effigies are almost always in the eucharistic vestments. The choral, or processional vesture of canons and rectors, consisted of the surplice, almuce, and cope.

The Surplice or SuperpelUceum x is a loose flowing garment with long ample sleeves, and usually nearly reaching to the feet, and it is referred to by Stephanus, Bishop of Tournay, in a.d. 1192, as a vesture, which had been long in use. It is very similar to the garment, which by the traditions of the Eastern Church was assigned as a sacred vestment to the apostles. In the Advertise- ments of 1564 it is ordered that every minister saying any public prayers, or ministering the sacraments or other rites of the church shall wear a comely surplice with sleeves ; and it is still retained by the Church of England in her ministrations whether in church or elsewhere.2

The Almuce, or Almutium, is often confounded with the amice, but it is entirely different from it, and is a large fur cape, which

1 Super upon or over, pellis a skin, from the custom which anciently prevailed of wearing this vestment over a tunic made of the skins of such animals as the country afforded.

2 The surplice is simply an adaptation of the alh to allow of its heing worn over the fur lined raiment, which, in the cold climate of England, was permitted to be worn l>y the Minor Clerks in the performance of their ministerial duties, and being worn over the clerk's furred gown, it was called the mperpelliceum, Bhortened in English to Burplice. The large full surplice of the English Church flowing to the feet is a very dignified vesture. — Ei>. F 2

08 Transactions at Evesham.

covers the shoulders and breast, reaches as far as the elbows, and has two long " tippets " of fur hanging in front. These " tippets " look like a stole, but they differ from it inasmuch as they are the same width all the way down, and have rounded terminations. The tails of the animals of which the cape is made are sewn round it, making a kind of fringe. This garment was originally worn over the surplice by canons and rectors during the recitations of the sacred offices instead of the academical hoods, as a protection against cold ; and in a few monuments it is represented drawn over the head as if for this purpose. A canon wore a white ermine almuce, a rector one made of the fur of the grey squirrel, and a bishop, when a peer of parliament, had a spotted almuce.

The Cope, or Cappa Pluvialis, was a large cloak -like vestment with a hood, worn in processions, etc., and was fastened over the breast by a morse. Originally it was intended as a protection against cold and wet, and probably owes its origin to the Roman pluviale, or rain cloak, the name of which it still retains. In shape it much resembled the pamula, but was open in front, and like it had a hood to protect the head of the wearer in bad weather. Its appropriation as an ecclesiastical vestment may probably be traced to the early days of Christianity, when in solemn processions on foot, or in services in the open air, the early christian ministers were exposed to the inclemency of the weather; but as time went on, and the cope was no longer needed for this purpose, its shape was slightly altered, and it was made an exact semi-circle with an orphrey on the straight side, and the only trace of the hood was an enlargement of this orphrey at the back of the cope.

By the ancient English Use a cope was ordered to lie worn by

priests at solemn vespers, and l>y all the assistant ministers on

great feasts, and in the first Prayer Book of Edward VI., the

celebrant at the Holy Communion was ordered to wear a vestment

or cope.1 This cope was one of the few ornaments which were

retained at the Reformation, and it seems t<> have been generally

1 For the priest that shall execute the holy ministry, the vestment appointed for that ministration, that is to say, a white alb plain, with a vest- ment or cope. Kubrio in Prayer Book of 1541).

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69

worn, as the rubric directs, in cathedrals and large parish churches for many years after. It is still used in some of our cathedrals, and is always worn at the coronation of our Sover- eigns. The two small effigies at Bitton Church are interesting examples of canons in their copes, which are worn over the surplice and almuce. On Fig. 6. the hoods of both the cope and almuce are visible, the latter is lying on the pillow which supports the head of the effigy, and the former looks like a large flat collar from the neck to the shoulders. Beneath the cope are seen the two ends of the almuce lying on the surplice, which is short enough to show the feet. On Fig. 7 the hood of the almuce is worn over the head like a cowl, and the hood of the cope is lying loosely round the neck, the ends of the almuce are very wide, and the surplice is so long that it nearly covers the feet.

Fig. G.

In the Church of St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol, is one of the finest examples of a monumental effigy of an ecclesiastic in the canonical dress, and it possesses the additional interest of being a likeness of William Canynges, one of Bristol's most distinguished citizens, who after serving his country and city for many years as a layman ended his clays as Dean of Westbury, and is represented as such on his monument. William Canynges was born in 1401, and retired from the world in 1JG7; some years afterwards he became Dean of Westbury, and died in 1474. He is dressed in a surplice which is short enough to show the cassock under it, and wears above them the almuce : the latter is of ermine, and the narrow tails of the animals hang over the sleeve of the surplice, the hood of the almuce can be Been lying loosely round his neck {Plate VJ.) The face is closely shaven, and the hair short with small tonsure. There is another monument of William

70 Transactions at Evesham.

Canynges in the same church representing him in his civil dress as a merchant. There are very few sepulchral effigies of ecclesias- tics habited simply in the cassock, or tunica talaris, which was the ordinary clerical dress, when not vested for the performance of Divine Service, and of very great antiquity: hut at St. Mary Redclitfe there is one of more than usual interest, as it has the name of the person intended to be represented carved upon it. It is to the memory of John Lavyngton, who was vicar of this church in 1393. He is dressed in a full cassock, which is fastened by buttons at the throat and wrists, and is confined round the waist by a belt, the buckle of which is distinctly visible. His hair is cut short in front, tonsure small, face closely shaven. He wears shoes as a secular priest, (see Plate VII. J

It is rare to meet with monumental effigies of deacons or the minor orders of the church.1 There is at Tewkesbury Abbey a mutilated figure, now built into the north wall of the building used as a vestry, and this appears to be wearing a surplice, and holds a book in the hands. It probably represents a lector or reader, but it is impossible to speak with any degree of certainty of this effigy as both the upper and lower parts of the figure are gone.

There was a time when the damage to these old monuments was done wilfully, and no doubt many were altogether destroyed; but since those days the mischief has been slowly but surely going on through exposure to weather and neglect, and unless care be speedily taken of them