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CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A FLORA OF NEVADA }

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PINACEAE, RUTACEAE, MELIACEAE, ANACARDIACEAE, TAMARICACEAE, CORNACEAE, OLEACEAE, BIGNONIACEAE OF NEVADA by ELBERT L.|LITTLE, JR.

June 28, 1956

A series prepared through the cooperation of the National Arboretum and the Section of Plant Introduction Horticultural Crops Research Branch Agricultural Research Service U. S. Department of Agriculture Plant Industry Station Beltsville, Md.

Address all inquiries concerning this series to W. Andrew Archer, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Pinus monophylla. . ...+...... . «Frontispiece PimaGGa e's ne) ie ote! 6 MA paaths MIRC Aes Neils) votes lu Rutaceaesstdeo.. sageewatet. dhs iateneee «campos Meliaceae. 2 Misys. Wa GasOArivoes. sagas. ly = 16 ANAICAPGIACCAC s: elo ay on Voubel ces eteidinlel mies le “lel eutelucemantveu fe aoe Tamariicacese.. 7s i.) otf) seen ol Lie 6s lo ae 8) SO Cornaceses, sy ee.2 6 lo sc Oe SAS RENE ot oc ells ol ere ae DIL EOS ONEACEAGS ai ss elt lures ol. Orta viehheyl oli ereMi eu eS onli en mereOL lot Ba cMmOnwaCedgis: st tctues csi te, weilis prs ceuikern ot oy oi Gell ehinoumts lee ome amTaT

INDEX. © ° e e a o o o ° ° e e e ° e s ° e e e e 78 per, 81

PIMAGKAE OF wEVATA+ (Pine Fawtly)

By lbert'L, 1a¢ttte, s

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{ mv Singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frem. ), the State tree

of Nevada. Photograph by Elbert L. Little, Jr.

PINACEAE OF NEVADA, (Pine Family)

By Elbert L. Little, Jr.@

Resinous trees (rarely shrubs), mostly with a continuous unbranch- ed axis, the secondary wood without vessels, with scaly buds (some- times naked), evergreen (in all Nevada species) or sometimes deciduous. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, linear, often needlelike, or scalelike, rarely lanceolate, sometimes of 2 forms, estipulate. With- out true flowers or fruits, the pollen and naked seeds borne in uni- sexual cones or strobilis; monoecious (mostly dioecious in Juniperus );

male strobili small and herbaceous, with many scales or microsporo-

Nevada specimens in the following herbaria have been examined: United States National Museum, National Arboretum, United States Forest Service, University of Nevada, and Nevada Agricultural Experi- ment Station.

1 Taxus brevifolia Nutt. (Pacific yew), of the Taxaceae (yew family), is native in the Sierra Nevada of central California but apparently not also in Nevada. This species was recorded from Nevada by C. L. Anderson (Rpt. Mineral. Nev. 1869 and 1870: 116-128. 1871) “in an ear- ly list containing a few other species not recorded from the State by later authors. One specimen in the herbarium of the Nevada Agricul- tural Experiment Station is labeled as follows: "A.A.Heller, May 2, 1910, Morrillis Lake, above Verdi, Washoe Co." That lake has not been located on maps and may be in California, since Verdi is less than 1 mile from the State line. These doubtful records are the only ones of this species for Nevada. Billings (Nev. Trees, ed. 2, 8. 195i) noted that Taxus baccata L. (English yew) is planted in western Nevada.

2 Forester (dendrology), Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

ope

phylls bearing on lower or abaxial side 2-6 sporangia mostly in early spring; female cr ovulate strobili with numerous or sometimes few scales, mostly subtended by a bract, typically bearing 2 (sometimes several) naked ovules on upper or adaxial side. Mature female stro- bilus generally a woody cone, ovoid or globose (in Juniperus fleshy and berrylike); seeds naked, with or without wings, with endosperm, embryo with 2-several caotyiedons.

Widely distributed in temperate and subtropical regions, best represented in the north temperate zone, by some authors divided into three families, Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae, and Gupressaceae. About 33 genera and about 350 species, with 13 native genera in the United States. Of great economic importance, this family is perhaps first in world production of softwood timber and lumber, pulpwood, and naval stores. Besides forest plantations, numerous species and improved horticultural varieties are grown for shade and ornament.

Seven genera and 21 species are native in Nevada. According to Billings, 7 additional genera are represented by the following 11 introduced species, planted chiefly in Reno and southern Nevada: Cedrus atlantica Manetti (Atlas cedar), Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud. (Deodar cedar), Sequoia gigantea (Lindl.) Decne. (giant sequoia), Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. (redwood), Metasequoia glyptostro- boides Hu & Cheng (dawn-redwood), Cryptomeria japonica (L. f.) D. Don (cryptomeria}, Thuja occidentalis L. (northern white-cedar), Cupres- sus arizonica Greene (Arizona cypress), Cupressus macnabiana A. Murr. (MacNab cypress), Cupressus sempervirens L. (Italian cypress), and

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl. (Port-Orford-cedar). Other

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introduced species are mentioned below under their respective native genera.

References -- Billings, W. D. Nevada trees. Univ. Nev. Agr. Ext. Service Bul. 9), ed. 2, 125 p., illus. 195). (Includes culti- vated species with keys for this family and other trees. )

Little, Elbert L., Jr. Check list of native and naturalized trees of the United States (including Alaska). U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Handb. 1, 472 p. 1953. (Contains additional synonymy with cita- tions of synonyms and also ranges outside Nevada in greater detail for

this family and other trees.)

KEY TO GENERA A. Leaves needlelike, more than 15 mm. long, alternate or in fascicles; cone of many scales. B. Leaves in fascicles of 2-5 (1 in Pinus monophylla), with sheath at babe(atileasti when youny) te. wre .meets Loa SO te PINUS BB. Leaves single, without sheath at base.

C. Older twigs roughened by peglike bases of fallen leaves; leaves l-angled or semicircular in cross-section, shed in dried speci- mens.

D. Leaves -angled, acute at apex, sessile. .... .. 2. PICEA DD. Leaves flattened above and rounded or keeled below, rounded at apex, with minute petiole. ........ 54.4 6 od TSUGA CC. Older twigs smoothish or only slightly rough; leaves flat (\- angled in Abies magnifica), remaining attached in dried speci-

mens.

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E. Leaves with short petiole; leaf scars oval, broader than long, slightly raised; cones pendulous, with 3-pointed bracts, the scales persistent. ..... . «+ ). PSEUDOTSUGA

EE. Leaves sessile; leaf scars round, not raised; cones erect, mostly on topmost branches, the bracts not 3-pointed, the seaillesideciduouss te tude cicesteo”. Jey eee er oeeABIES

AA. Leaves mostly scalelike, less than 15 mm. long (awllike or needle- like in Juniperus communis, a low subalpine shrub), opposite or ternate; cone of few scales or fleshy and berrylike. F. Twigs flattened with decussate decurrent scalelike leaves; cone ofufewhscaless. <GeCAxe. Winde) eee ee EE, GO RER Ge HEYDERIA

FF. Twigs not flattened; cone fleshy and berrylike. . . .7.. JUNIPERUS

1. PINUS L., Sp. Pl. 1000. 17533 Gen. Pl. Ed. 5,al3heal7She

Apinus Neck., Strobus (Sweet) Opiz, Caryopitys Small. "pine"

Large or small trees, with bark mostly furrowed or sometimes

scaly, the spreading branches in whorls, evergreen. Leaves of 2 kinds, the primary or juvenile leaves alternate, long, and green on seedlings, usually reduced to scales bearing in axils she shoots with bud scales and secondary leaves; the secondary leaves needlelike, in a fascicle of 2-6 (sometimes 1) with basal sheath formed from the bud scales and mostly persistent. Male strobili lateral, clustered at base of cur- rent year's growth on twigs mostly in lower part of tree, mostly yel- low, from scaly buds, with many scales bearing 2 sporangia; female strobili subterminal or lateral, the many scales each subtended by

a small bract and 2-ovuled. Woody cone maturing at end of second year

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(rarely third), the cone scales often becoming thickened at apex and often bearing a protuberance or spine; seeds mostly paired at base of a scale, mostly with long wing, sometimes wingless, embryo with ))-15 cotyledons. Derivation.--The classical Latin name. Type species.-- P. sylvestris L. About 90 species widely distributed in northern hemisphere, including a few tropical.

With 10 native species, Pinus is the most important genus of trees in Nevada for lumber and the largest in number of species except for the mostly shrubby genus Salix. Seven additional species have been introduced for shade or ornament, according to Billings: Pinus griffithii McClelland (Himalayan pine), from Himalaya to Afghanistan; Pinus halepensis Mill. (Aleppo pine), from the Mediterranean region, planted in Boulder City; Pinus mugo Turra (Swiss mountain pine), from Europe; Pinus nigra Arnold (Austrian pine), from Europe; Pinus parvi- flora Sieb. & Zucc. (Japanese white pine), from Japan, planted in Reno; Pinus strobus L. (eastern white pine), from eastern United States and adjacent Canada; and Pinus sylvestris L. (Scotch pine),

from Eurasia.

KEY TO SPECIES A. Leaves 5 or 1 in a fascicle, sheaths deciduous (except No. 5; soft pines). B. Leaves 5 in a fascicle; seed winged (except No. 1), body 12 mn. or less in length. | C. Leaves }-10 cm. long, spreading; cones without prickles.

D. Leaves )-6 cm. long, entire; cones not opening at maturity;

“6

seed Winglesssy sowheomn. wae © w tet eceoe « 2. Pe eALBICAULIS DD. Leaves mostly longer; cones opening at maturity; seed winged. E. Leaves entire; cones short-stalked, mostly 8-13 cm. long, with thick rounded scales; seed wing only 1-2 mm. long. 2. P. FLEXILIS EE. Leaves serrulate at least toward apex; cones long-stalked, elongated, mostly more than 13 cm. long, with thin scales; seed wing 20-28 mm. long. F. Cones mostly more than 25 cm. long, hanging from long horizontal branches. .. . .« « « « » « « 3-« P. LAMBERTIANA FF. Cones less than 25 cm. long, not on conspicuous horizon- talsbranches.a:ctommd en el epane same yee el en liteePee MONDICOLA CC. Leaves 2.5-h cm. long, curved and pressed against twig, form- ing brushlike or "foxtail" mass; cones with prickles. 5. P,. ARISTATA BB. Leaves 1 in a fascicles; seed 15-20 mm. long, wingless. 6. P. MONOPHYLLA AA. Leaves 2 or 3 in a fascicle, sheaths persistent (pitch or hard pines).

G. Leaves 3 (sometimes 2) in a fascicle, more than 8 cm. long; cones more than 5 cm. long, symmetrical, opening at maturity and soon shedding.

H. Twig with piney odor; bark with yellowish layers; cone with relatively few scales, the prickles turned outward. 7.- &, PONDEROSA

HH. Twig with citrus odor; bark without yellowish layers; cone with

aif.

many scales, the prickles recurved. I. Leaves 13-25 cm. long; cones 13-30 cm. long; Sierra Nevada from southern Washoe County to Mineral County. 8. P. JEFFREYI II. Leaves 10-15 cm. long; cones 5-8 cm. long; rare and local on east side of Mount Rose, Washoe County. . . .9. P. WASHOENSIS GG. Leaves 2 in a fascicle, 3-7 cm. long; cones 2-5 cm. long, asym- metrical or oblique at base, remaining closed on tree many years.

10. P. CONTORTA

1. PINUS ALBICAULIS Engelm., Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans. 2: 209. 1863. Apinus aibicaulis (Engelm.) Rydb. 'whitebark pine"

Small tree to 10 m. in height and 60 cm. in trunk diameter, some- times larger, with open irregular or broom-topped crown, or shrubby at timber line. Bark grayish white, scaly, thin. Wood light brown, soft, light-weight. Twigs orange brown and often puberulous when young, becoming dark brown. Leaves clustered at ends of twigs, 5 in a fascicle with deciduous sheath, needlelike, l-6 cm. long, stout and rigid, entire, dark green, marked on all sides by rows of stomata. Cones short-stalked, ellipsoidal, l-7 cm. long, dark purple, with thick acute scales, not opening at maturity; seeds 10-12 mn. long, wingless, dark or reddish brown, thick-shelled, edible. Pollen shed- ding in July; cones maturing in August of next year but remaining closed. Derivation.--wWhite-stemmed.

High mountains to timber line often with Pinus monticola, 2600 to 3200 m. elevation in western Nevada, principally in northern Sierra

Nevada south to southern Washoe County and in Humboldt County (Pine

Forest Range), Storey County (Cedarhill Canyon near Virginia City), and Mineral County (Wassuk Range). Also northeastern Nevada in Elko County (Jarbidge, Pine Mt., and Ruby Mts.). High mountains of south- western Alberta to central British Columbia, south to Washington, Oregon, and in Sierra Nevada to central California and western Nevada

and east to western Wyoming and central Montana.

2. PINUS FLEXILIS James, Exped. Rocky Mts. 2: 27, 35. 1823. Apinus flexilis (James) Rydb. "limber pine" Other common name--white pine.

Small to medium-sized tree 8-15 m. tall and 50 cm. in trunk diam- eter (larger in a southern variety) with broad rounded crown, sometimes a low shrub at high elevations. Bark on small trunks smooth and whit- ish gray, on larger trunks becoming deeply furrowed and dark brown or gray. Wood pale yellow, soft, light-weight. Twigs orange green and often puberulous when young, becoming darker, smoothish. Leaves clus- tered near ends of twigs, 5 in a fascicle with deciduous sheath, need- lelike, -9 cm. long, slender, entire, blue green, marked on all sides by rows of stomata. Cones short-stalked, cylindric, mostly 68-15 em. long, yellow brown, with thick rounded scales; seeds 10-12 mm. long in- cluding minute wing 1-2 mm. long, mottled brown, thick-shelled. Pollen shedding in June-July, the cones and seeds maturing and opening in autumn of the second year. Derivation.--Flexible, or limber.

High mountains at elevations of 2,000 to 3,300 m. through most of Nevada except extreme western part. This is the common 5-needle

pine of eastern and central Nevada for which White Pine County was

named. Collected in the following counties; Clark, Elko, Esmeralda, Humboldt, Lander, Mineral, Nye, Pershing and White Pine. Rocky Mount- ain region, chiefly, from southwestern North Dakota, Montana, south- ern Alberta, and southeastern British Columbia, south in mountains to southern California and Trans-Pecos Texas. Also in northern Mexico. The wood is sometimes used for lumber (mostly for rough construc-

tion and boxes), poles, and fuel. The seeds are edible.

3. PINUS LAMBERTIANA Dougl., Linn. Soc. London Trans. 15: 500. 1827. "Sugar pine" Large to very large tree to 5 m. tall (rarely to 60 m., or only 12-15 m. on poor sites) and 1-1.5 m. or more in trunk diameter, with narrow crown becoming flat-topped, and with long horizontal branches bearing giant cones. Bark smooth and greenish gray on small trunks, becoming reddish brown and furrowed into irregular scaly ridges. Wood reddish brown, soft, light-weight. Twigs brownish, pubescent when young, becoming glabrous and gray. Leaves 5 in a fascicle with decid- uous sheath, needlelike, 5-10 cm. long, rigid, often slightly twisted, serrulate at least toward apex, bluish green or gray green, with rows of stomata on all surfaces. Cones long-stalked, much elongated, cyl- indric, 20-45 cm. long, pendulous, yellow brown, with thin rounded resinous scales usually with sweetish resin; seeds about 0 mm. in length including body 12-15 mm. and long broad wing, dark brown or blackish. Cones opening in October of second year. Derivation.-- In honor of Aylme: Bourke Lambert (1761-18)2), of England, author of

a classic illustrated work on the genus Pinus and also a patron of

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botany.

Sierra Nevada at elevations of 1,500 to 2,100 m. in western Nev- ada (Washoe and Douglas Counties) around Lake Tahoe, in mountains west of Washoe Valley, and Truckee watershed west of Reno. Mountains from western Oregon south to southern California and in Sierra Nevada to’ western Nevada. Also in northern Lower California, Mexico.

The largest of the pines, important for lumber and also planted for ornament. Indians used the big seeds as food. A sugary resinous exudate on the bark, pinitol, also eaten by the Indians, is the origin

of the common name.

). PINUS MONTICOLA Dougl. ex D. Don in Lamb., Descr. Genus Pinus. Ed. 3 (8°), v. 2, unnumbered page between p. lj) and p. 15. 1832. Strobus monticola (Dougl.} Rydb. "western white pine" Other common names.--Idaho white pine (lumber), white pine.

Large tree to 25 m. or more in height and 80 em. in trunk dia- meter, with narrow pyramidal crown. Bark on small trunks smooth, light gray, becoming checkered or furrowed into squarish scaly plates. Wood light brown, soft, light-weight. Twigs orange brown and puberu- lous when young, becoming dark purple and glabrous. Leaves 5 ina fascicle with deciduous sheath, needlelike, l|-8 cm. long, stout and rigid, serrulate toward apex, blue green, glaucous, with rows of vent- ral stomata and often also 1 or 2 rows of dorsal stomata. Cones long- stalked, elongated, cylindric, 13-25 cm. long, yellow brown, scales thin, acute; seeds about 30-35 mm. in length, including body 6-8 mm.

long, and long wing, mottled brown. Cones maturing and opening in

Salil

autumn of second year. Derivation.--Inhabiting mountains.

Mountains at moderately high elevations of 1,600 to 2,800 m. in Sierra Nevada (southern Washoe County), Storey County, Virginia Moun- tains (Washoe County), and Pinenut Range (Douglas County). Western Montana and northern Idaho to southern British Columbia and Washington and south to Oregon and in Sierra Nevada to central California and western Nevada.

The State tree of Idaho and an important timber tree for lumber for building construction, matches (the leading match wood), boxes,

and millwork.

5. PINUS ARISTATA Engelm. in Parry & Engelm., Amer. Journ. Sci. and Bets, oer.-c, 342-331. 1662. "bristlecone pine" Other cemmon names.--foxtail pine, cettail pine, hickory pine.

Small to medium-sized tree 5-18 m. or more in height, with short tapering trunk to 90 cm. in diameter, and irregular broad bushy crown of erect to drooping branches. Bark on small trunks and branches smooth and whitish gray, on larger trunks becoming irregularly fis- sured, scaly, and reddish brown. Wood brownish red, soft, moderately heavy. Twigs stout, puberulent, orange brown, becoming dark brown or blackish, covered with crowded needles. Leaves 5 in a fascicle with more or less persistent sheath, needlelike, 2.5-) cm. long, stout, entire, dark green, with rows of stomata on ventral surfaces but none on dorsal, curved and pressed against twig and not spreading, remain- ing attached 10 to 15 years and forming a brushlike or "foxtail" mass.

Cones short-stalked, narrowly ovoid, 7-10 cm. long, dark purplish

-12-

brown, each scale with a slender prickle 2-5 mm. long; seeds about

15 mm. long including body 6 mm. long and large wing, mottled brown. Pollen shedding June-August, the cones and seeds maturing and opening in early autumn of the second year. Derivation.--Awned, in reference to the long slender prickles on the cones.

High mountain peaks, often with Pinus flexilis and Abies concolor, near timber line at elevations from 2,300 to 3,300 m., eastern, cen- tral, and southern Nevada, recorded from the following localities: Elko County (Indian Creek, Spruce Mt.), Pershing Co. (East Humboldt Mts.), White Pine County (Mt. Moriah, Snake Range, Sherman Mt. at S. end of Ruby Range), Bureka County (Monitor Range), Nye County (Grant Range), Esmeralda County (Boundary Peak in White Mts. and Silver Peak Mts.), and Clark County (Charleston Peak and Sheep Mts.). Very local and widely scattered on high mountains of Colorado, Utah, Neveda, and eastern California, south to northern Arizona and northern New Mexico.

As the trees are small, uncommon, and not accessible, the wood

is seldom used except locally for mine timbers.

6. PINUS MONOPHYLLA Torr. & Frem. in Frém., Rpt. Explor. Exped. Rocky Mts. 319, pl. h. 185; as "monophyllus . " “singleleaf pinyon" Caryopitys monophylla (Torr. & Frem.) Rydb., Pinus cembroides var. monophylla (Torr. & Frém.) Voss.

Other common Banos temit pine. (Frontispiece) Small bushy tree mostly 3-8 m. tall, sometimes 12-15 m., the short trunk 30-50 cm. in diameter, with broadly conical to rounded spreading

crown of gray green foliage commonly extending nearly to ground. Bark

age

on small trunks smooth and gray, becoming furrowed into narrow scaly ridges and dark brown. Wood yellowish brown, moderately soft, heavy, resinous. Twigs orange brown, becoming brown. Leaves 1 (rarely 2) in a fascicle with deciduous sheath, needlelike, 3-6 cm. long and about 2 mm. in diameter, terete, stout and stiff, sharp-pointed, usually slight- ly curved toward twig, gray green, marked by whitish rows or lines of stomata. Cones almost stalkless, ovoid, 5-8 cm. long and broader than long when open, light brown, with resin; cone scales relatively few, thickened, unarmed, only the middle scales seed-bearings; seeds several to many in a cone, large, brown or mottled with yellow, narrowly ovoid and blunt-pointed, 15-20 mm. long and 7-10 mm. broad, wingless, thin- shehled, edible and with mealy taste. Pollen shedding in June-July, cones and seeds maturing and opening in autumn of second year. Deri- vation.--One-leaf, alluding to the solitary needles in a sheath.

A dominant species of the pinyon-juniper woodland with Juniperus osteosperma on desert mountain ranges at elevation of 1,300 to 2,700 m,; throughout Nevada except northern border and in northwest, extend- ing northwest of Reno but not recorded from Pershing and Humboldt Cos. Chiefly in Great Basin region, from ap tern Idaho and northern and western Utah to Nevada, central and southern California, and north- western Arizona. Also in northern Lower California, Mexico.

The State tree of Nevada. The edible seeds, known as pine nuts or pinyon nuts, harvested annually by the Indians for food, are also marketed locally. However, the pinyon nuts or Indian nuts of commerce

are from Pinus edulis Engelm. (pinyon), of New Mexico and Arizona.

The

7. PINUS PONDEROSA Laws., Agr. Man. 35). 1836. P. brachyptera Engelm., P. ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm., P. scopulorum (Engelm.) Lemm. "yonderosa pine" Other common names.--western yellow pine, Rocky Mountain yellow pine, blackjack pine.

Large to very large tree 10-)5 m. tall and 1 m. or more in trunk diameter, or a small tree on poor sites, with mostly narrow cylindrical open crown of spreading branches. Bark on small trunks less than 30 cm. in diameter (known as "blackjacks") blackish and furrowed into ridges, on larger trunks becoming yellow brown and irregularly fissured into large, flat, scaly plates. Wood yellowish with whitish sapwood, hard, moderately heavy. Twigs stout, glabrous, orange becoming brown, with piney odor, bud with resin droplets. Leaves 3 or 2. (§ in a southern variety) in a fascicle with persistent sheath, needlelike, 8-25 cm. long, stout, serrulate, green, with rows of stomata on each surface. Cones short-stalked, ovoid, 7-13 cm. long, reddish brown, the scales with slender prickles turned outward, leaving several basal scales on twig when shedding;sseeds 30-35 mm. long including body 6-8 mm. and large wing, mottled brown. Pollen shedding in May-June, cones maturing and opening in autumn of second year and soon shedding above basal scales. Derivation.--Ponderous, or heavy, referring to the heavy wood.

Mountains of eastern part (White Pine and Lincoln Cos.) at 2,300 to 2,700 m., Charleston Mountains (Clark County) as low as 1,200 m., and in Sierra Nevada (Washoe and Storey Counties) at 1,500 to 2,300 m. Widely distributed, chiefly in Rocky Mountains and mountains of

Pacific Coast region from southwestern North Dakota and Montana to

-154

southern British Columbia and Washington south to southern California and Trans-Pecos Texas. Also in northern Mexico.

This species has one of the greatest ranges of all the trees in the western mountains and includes minor geographic variations that intergrade. Trees of eastern Nevada (Snake Range south to Charleston Peak) have short needles 8-15 cm. long and largely 2 in a fascicle and are referred by some authors to a separate variety, var. scopu- lorum Engelm., while trees of the typical variety in Sierra Nevada of the western border have longer needles 15-25 cm. long.

The most important western pine and second to Douglas-fir in total stand in the United States, producing lumber for many uses.

Also planted for ornament and in shelter belts. State tree of Montana.

8. PINUS JEFFREYI Grev. & Balf. in A. Murr., Bot. Exped. Ore. (Rpt. Noe O92, pl. 1653. P. ponderosa var. jeffreyi Balf. "Jeffrey pine" Other common name.--western yellow pine.

Large to very large tree 10-5 m. or more in height with tall massive trunk 1-1.5 m. or more in diameter. Bark dark reddish brown, often tinged with purple, becoming fissured into large plates. Twigs stout, rough, brown, with citrus odor when broken, buds without resin droplets. Leaves 3 in a fascicle with persistent sheath, needlelike, 13-25 cm. long, stout, serrulate, dark bluish green, with rows of stomata on each surface, usually with citrus odor when crushed. Cones short-stalked, ovoid, pineapple-shaped when open, 13-30 cm. long, light brown, the many scales with stout or slender recurved prickles,

leaving several basal scales on twig when shedding; seeds 30-35 mm.

ails

long, long-winged, the body 10-12 mm. in length, mottled dark brown. Pollen shedding in June, cones maturing and opening in autumn of se- cond year and soon shedding above basal scales. Derivation.--Named for its discoverer, John Jeffrey (died 18537), Scotch botanical ex- plorer who collected seeds from British Columbia to California for in- troduction to Scotland.

Mountains of western Nevada at elevations of 1,),00 to 2,)00 m. from southern Washoe County to Lyon, Ormsby, and Mineral (Bodie Creek and Alum Creek Canyons) Counties. Here this species is more abundant than Pinus ponderosa and often in almost pure stands. Mountains from southwestern Oregon south in California through Sierra Nevada to west- ern Nevada and to southern California. Also in northern Lower Cali- fornia, Mexico.

Closely related to Pinus ponderosa and by some authors regarded

as a variety of that species. The lumber is sold as ponderosa pine

and has similar uses.

9, PINUS WASHOENSIS Mason & Stockwell, Madrono 8: 62. 19))5. "Washoe pine"

Tree 15 m. or more in height in cutover forest, perhaps becoming somewhat taller at maturity, with strongly tapered trunk to 1m. in diameter and with pyramidal crown. Bark thin, becoming rough fissured or occasionally plated, without yellowish layers. Twigs stout, rough, brown, with citrus odor when broken, buds without resin droplets. Leaves 3 (occasionally 2) in a fascicle with persistent sheath, needle-

like, 10-15 cm. long, stout, gray green, finely serrulate, dorsal sto-

=172

mata in about 12 rows and ventral stomata in about 6 rows. Cones short-stalked, ovoid, 5-8 cm. long, brown, with many scales, each with slender slightly recurved prickle; seeds about 25 mm. long, with body 8 mm. long and wing 15-20 mm. long. Pollen shedding in June; the cones maturing and opening in autumn of the second year. Derivation.--The name commemorates the Washoe Indians who hunted in this forest.

Rare and local, known only from moraine 7 miles long on south Side of Galena Creek canyon, elevation 2,100 to 2,400 m., on east side of Mount Rose, Carson Range of Sierra Nevada, in southern Washoe Coun- ty, Nevada. Associated tree species of the cutover forest here are Abies magnifica, Pinus monticola, and Pinus contorta.

Closely related to Pinus jeffreyi and also to Pinus ponderosa and possibly of hybrid origin from those species. The large trees were

cut many years ago for mine timbers.

10. PINUS CONTORTA Dougl. ex Loud., Arb. Frut. Brit. 4: 2292, figs. 2210-2211. 1838. "lodgepole pine" P. contorta var. latifolia Engelm., P. contorta var. murrayana (Grev. & Balf.) Engelm., P. murrayana Grev. & Balf. Other common names.--"tamarack," shore pine.

Medium-sized tree 8-20 m. tall and 60 cm. in trunk diameter, or larger (or a small tree in the coastal form), with narrow pointed pyr- amidal crown. Bark brown, thin, with many loose scales. Wood light yellow, soft, light-weight. Twigs orange when young, becoming reddish brown. Leaves 2 in a fascicle with persistent sheath, needlelike, 3-7

cm. long, stout, often twisted, serrulate toward apex, yellow green,

18

with rows of stomata on each surface. Cones often clustered, almost stalkless, ovoid, 2-5 cm. long, asymmetrical or oblique at base, light yellow brown, the thin scales with long slender recurved prickles, not opening at maturity; seeds about 15 mn. long including body h mm. long and wing, mottled brown. Pollen shedding in June-July, cones maturing in autumn of second year but remaining closed on the tree many years. Derivation.--Contorted or twisted, alluding to the irregular crown of the typical, scrubby shore pine of the coast.

High mountains, often with Pinus ponderosa and P. monticola,

western Nevada at elevations from 1,700 tc 2,700 m. Common in Carson Range and sparingly in westernmost Basin Ranges from Virginia Moun- tains of southern Washoe County southeast through Ormsby and Douglas Counties to Brawley Peaks west of Aurora in Mineral County. Possibly also in northern Elko County, according to Billings (Nevada Trees, ed. 2, 33. 1951), but not yet collected there. Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast regions from southwestern Saskatchewan and Alberta to Yukon and southeastern Alaska, south to southern Californie and western Nevada, Idaho, northern Uteh, and Colorado. Also in northern Lower California,

Mexico.

2. PICEA A. Dietr., Fl. Berlin 79). 182), "spruce" Large trees with thin scaly bark, whorled branches, and pyramidal crown, evergreen. Twigs with peglike stalks (sterigmata) bearing leaves. Leaves alternate, sessile, linear, entire, l-angled or flat- tened, stiff, sharp-pointed at apex, shedding from twig upon drying.

Male strobili lateral, mostly long-stalked, with many scales bearing

15s

2 sporangia; female strobili terminal, the many scales subtended by a small bract and 2-ovuled. Cones mostly in upper part of tree, pendu- lous, ovoid to cylindric, with persistent scales; seeds mostly paired at base of a scale, with long wing, embryo with l-15 cotyledons. Derivation.--The ancient Latin name (from pix, picis, pitch) of a pitchy pine, probably Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris L. Type species.-- P. abies (L.) Karst. About 35 species in cooler north temperate re- gions.

Besides the single native species, the five following are planted in Nevada for ornament, according to Billings: Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce), from Europe; Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (white spruce), of northeastern United States, Canada, and Alaska; Picea polita (Sieb. & Zucc.) Carr. (tigertail spruce), from Japan; Picea pungens Engelm. (blue spruce), of the Rocky Mountain region; and Ficea sitchensis

(Bong.) Carr. (Sitka spruce), of the Pacific coast region from Alaska

to California.

1. PICEA ENGELMANNII Parry ex Engelm., Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans.

2: 212. 1863; as "engelmanni." 2 "Engelmann spruce"

Large tree 10-25 m. or more in height, with straight trunk to 1

me in diameter, and with narrow pointed pyramidal or conical crown and whorled horizontal or slightly drooping branches extending nearly to ground, or reduced to a stunted shrub at timber line. Bark grayish or purplish brown, with loosely attached scales or flakes, thin. Wood light yellow to reddish brown, soft, light-weight. Twigs roughened by

peglike bases after leaves fall, orange brown, usually puberulent.

EPO

Leaves linear, h-angled, 15-30 mm. long, acute but not sharp to touch, slender and flexible, straight or slightly curved, with 3-5 rows of stomata on each surface, dark or pale blue green, with disagreeable odor when crushed. Cones pendulous, sessile or nearly so, cylindric to ellipsoid, )-6.5 cm. long, light brown, with thin or papery flexi- ble scales more or less rounded and erose at apex; seeds blackish, about 10 mm. in length with body 3 mm. long and long wing. Cones ma- turing and opening in autumn and mostly soon falling. Derivation. -- In honor of George Engelmann (1609-8), German-born physician and bot- anist of St. Louis, an authority on conifers who first recognized this species as undescribed.

Subalpine forest at high elevations from 2,500 m. to timber line in White Pine County (Shell Creek and Snake Ranges) and perhaps other high mountains in eastern Nevada. Reported from Charleston Peak re- gion of Clark County by Billings (Nevada Trees, ed. 2, 35. 195) but not recorded by Clokey (Flora Charleston Mountains, Nevada. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Bot. 2h, 27 p., map. 1952). Rocky Mountain region, chief- ly, from Montana to southwestern Alberta and central British Columbie, and south in high mountains of western United States to northern Cal- ifornia, eastern and southeastern Nevada, southeastern Arizona, and southern New Mexico.

The wood is suitable for lumber, such as construction and boxes, for mine timbers, railroad ties and poles, but the supply is limited

in area anc accessibility. The trees are planted for ornament also.

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3. TSUGA (Endl.) Carr., Traité Gén. Conif. 185. 1855. Hesperopeuce (Engelm.) Lemm. "hemlock"

Large trees with deeply furrowed cinnamon-red bark, nodding lead- ing shoot, irregular horizontal to pendulous branches, evergreen. Twigs with peglike stalks bearing leaves. Leaves mostly 2-ranked or in the Nevada species radially arranged, alternate, with a minute pet- iole, linear, usually flat and with stomata below or in the Nevada species flattened above and rounded or keeled below and with stomata on both sides, shedding from twig upon drying. Male strobili solitary, lateral, with many scales bearing 2 sporangia; female strobili soli- tary, terminal on lateral twigs with many scales subtended by a bract and 2-ovuled. Cones nearly sessile, pendulous, ovoid to cylindric, small, with sub-orbicular, thin, entire, persistent scales; seeds mostly paired at base of a scale, with long wing, embryo with 3.6 cotyledons. Derivation.--The Japanese name for tia native hemlocks of Japan. Type species.--I. sieboldii Carr. About 10 species in temper- ate North America and Asia.

One native species in Nevada. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (east- ern hemlock), of eastern United States and adjacent Canada, is occa-

sionally planted as an ornamental in Reno.

1. TSUGA MERTENSIANA (Bong.) Carr., Traité Gén. Conif. Ed. 2, 250. 1867: as to name but not description. "mountain hemlock" Hesperopeuce mertensiana (Bong.) Rydb., Tsuga crassifolia Flous.

Medium-sized tree 10-25 m. in height and 1-1.5 m. in trunk diam-

eters; crown narrowly pyramidal or in age spreading, with leading shoot

=Cee

nodding away from “iia direction, and with slender pendulous branches. Bark on small trunks grayish, becoming dark brown, thick, and deeply furrowed into scaly ridges. Wood pale reddish brown, moderately hard, moderately heavy. Twigs mostly short, slender, roughened by peglike bases after leaves fall, light reddish brown, puberulent. Leaves rad- ially arranged but appearing crowded on upper side, with minute pet- jiole, linear, 12-25 mm. long, flattened above and rounded or keeled below (semicircular in cross-section), rounded at apex, flexible, of- ten more or less curved, with about 8 rows of stomata on each surface, blue green. Cones usually pendulous when mature, sessile, cylindric, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, purplish but turning brown when open, with thin pap- ery scales rounded and erose at apex and puberulous outside; seeds light brown, about 12-15 mm. long including body h mm. long and large wing. Pollen shedding in June-July; cones maturing and opening in autumn. Derivation.--Named for Karl Heinrich Mertens (1796-1830), Ger- man naturalist and physician, who discovered it at Sitka, Alaska.

With Finus albicaulis, Pinus contorta, and Pinus monticola at high elevations mainly 2,00 to 2,900 m. in Sierra Nevada at western edge of Nevada, abundant between Slide Mountain and Mount Rose in southern Washoe County. Also Snow Valley in Ormsby County. Pacific coast region from southern Alaska (Cook Inlet) and British Columbia south to northern California and in Sierra Nevada to central Califor- nia and western Nevada. Also east in mountains to northern Idaho, and western Montana.

A handsome tree planted elsewhere as an ornamental.

238

l,. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr., Traite Gén. Conif. Ed. 2, 256. 1867. "Douglas-fir"

Medium-sized to large trees with pyramidal crown, evergreen. Twigs slightly rough, with raised oval leaf scars broader than long, the buds not resinous. Leaves radially arranged or somewhat 2-ranked, alternate, with short petiole, linear, flattened, grooved above, with prominent midrib and 2 whitish stomatal bands below. Male strobili solitary and scattered, lateral, cylindric, with many scales bearing 2 sporangia; female strobili solitary, terminal or axillary, the many scales 2-ovuled and shorter than the bract. Cones short-stalked, pen- dulous, narrowly ovoid, with rounded concave, rigid, persistent scales; bracts distinctive, exserted, 3-lobed, the middle lobe longest and awn- like; seeds mostly paired at base of a scale, with long wing, embryo with 6-12 cotyledons. Derivation.--False hemlock; from Greek pseudo-, false, and Japanese tsuga, hemlock, referring to the relationship to Tsuga (Engl.) Carr. Type species.--P. Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (P. douglasii (Sabine) Carr.). About 5 species, 2 in temperate western North America, and 3 in Japan, Formosa, and China. One species with 2 varieties in Nevada. .

Reference.--Little, Elbert L., Jr. The genus Pseudotsuga (Doug-

las-fir) in North America. Leaflets West. Bot. 5: 181-198. 1952.

1. PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII (Mirb.) Franco, Soc. Broteriana (Coimbra) Boll., Sér. 2, 2: 7h. 1950. "Douglas-fir" P. taxifolia (Poir.) Britton, P. mucronata (Raf.) Sudw., P. doug- lasii (Sabine) Carr.

Medium-sized to large trees 10-30 m. in height and 1 m. or more

aA)

in trunk diameter with pyramidal crown or becoming flat-topped in age, and with many horizontal to drooping branches. Bark reddish brown or gray, very thick, rough and deeply furrowed into broad ridges, some- times corky. Wood yellowish with whitish sapwood, soft, light-weight. Twigs slightly roughened by bases where leaves were attached, with raised oval leaf scars broader than long. Leaves radially arranged or somewhat 2-ranked, alternate, with short petiole, linear, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, flattened, grooved above, straight, usually rounded and obtuse at apex but sometimes acute, with prominent midrib and 2 whitish sto- matal bands below, dark yellow green or blue green. Cones short-_ stalked, pendulous, cylindric, l.5-9 cm. long, reddish brown, with conspicuously exserted 3-lobed or 3-toothed bracts, the middle lobe longest and awnlike, spreading or reflexed3; seeds mottled brown, 15- 20 mm. long including body about 5 mm. long, and longer wing. Cones maturing and opening in autumn. Derivation.--Named for Archibald Menzies (175-182), Scotch physician and naturalist, who discovered it in 1791 at Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Mountains at elevations of 1,900 to 2,900 m. in eastern Nevada in northern Elko County (near Mountain City; also reported as introduced in Ruby Mts.), White Pine County (Shell Creek and Snake Ranges), and Lincoln County (Mt. Wilson) and in Sierra Nevada at western border of State in Douglas County (east shore of Lake Tahoe near Glenbrook). Widely distributed in Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast regions from Montana, southwestern Alberta and central British Columbia, south to California, New Mexico, and Trans-Pecos Texas, Also south in moun-

tains of northern and central Mexico.

-25-

Two geographical varieties both occurring in Nevada are disting- uished. The typical variety (var. menziesii) or coast Douglas-fir of the Pacific coast region to western Nevada is characterized by: twigs pubescent; leaves thin, dark yellow green, with odor of pineapple; cones 6-10 cm. long, with straight erect 3-lobed bracts. The inland variety (var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco, Soc. Broteriana (Coimbra) Bol., Ser. 2, 2h: 77. 1950) or Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir of the Rocky Moun- ‘adn region including eastern Nevada is characterized by: twigs pubes- cent or glabrous; leaves blue green, thickened, with odor of turpen- tines cones )-7 em. long with erect or reflexed 3-lobed bracts.

First in total stand, lumber production, and production of veneer for plywood among the native tree species of the United States, used principally for building production as lumber, timbers, piling, and plywood, and for many other purposes. Also planted for shade and

ornament. The State tree of Oregon.

5. ABIES Mill., Gard. Dict. Abridged. Ed. 4, Vo 1. 195k. WPejyt Large trees with pyramidal sharp-pointed crown of whorled hori- zontal branches, evergreen. Twigs smooth, with round leaf scars and buds usually resinous. Leaves radially arranged or often 2-ranked, alternate, sessile but contracted above base, linear, mostly flattened and grooved above or sometimes )~angled, rounded and usually emargin-~ ate at apex, on upper branches often thickened, curved, and acute, with stomata on lower surfaces or sometimes (as in the 3 Nevada spec- ies) also on upper surface. Male strobili numerous, pendulous, later-

al, cylindric, with many scales bearing 2 sporangia; female strobili

~26-

erect mostly on topmost branches, ovoid to cylindric, the many scales each 2-ovuled and subtended by a longer pointed bract. Cones sessile, erect, ovoid to cylindric, with many closely imbricated thin scales rounded at apex, the bracts exserted in some species; at maturity the scales deciduous and falling from the persistent axis; seeds mostly paired at base of a scale, ovoid or oblong, with long wing, embryo with h-10 cotyledons. Derivation.--The classic Latin name of the sil- ver fir, Abies alba Mill., of Europe, the type species. About 10 spe- cies in northern hermigphere in temperate zone and mountains southward.

Besides the 3 native species, Abies pinapso Boiss. (Spanish fir), of Spain, is planted in Nevada.

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves flattened; cones 6-12 em. long. Leaves of lower branches 2-l; em. long, dark blue green, with 2 med- ial resin ducts in cross-section. .« . « « « « « « le A. LASIOCARPA Leaves of lower branches 36 cme long, pale blue green, with 2 ex- ternal (margin) resin ducts in cross-section. . . . 2. A. CONCOLOR

Leaves h-angled; cones large, 10=20 cm. long. . . © « 3. A. MAGNIFICA

1. ABIES LASIOCARPA (Hook.) Nutt., No. Amer. Sylva 3: 138. 189. 3 "subalpine fir" Other common names.--alpine fir, white fir (lumber). Large tree to 27 m. tall and 1 m. in trunk diameter ee dwarfed and shrubby at timber lines; crown long, narrow, and sharp-pointed, with branches extending nearly to base of tree. Bark gray, becoming fis-

sured and scaly (creamy white, soft, and corky in a southern variety).

DT

Wood light brown, soft, light-weight. Twigs gray, puberwlent to glab- rouse Leaves radially arranged, crowded and pointing upward and for- ward, alternate, sessile, linear, 2-) cm. long, flattened, grooved above, rounded at apex, with rows of stomata on both surfaces, dark blue green; on upper branches the leaves as short as 1.5 cm., thick- ened, acute. Cones cylindric, 6-10 cm. long, dark purple, puberulent, the scales rounded or truncate at apex, bracts not exposed; seeds light brown, about 20 mm. long including body 7 mm. long and broad wing. Pollen shedding in July; cones maturing in autumn, scales soon falling from axis. Derivation.--Hairy—fruited.

Spruce-fir subalpine forest up to timber line at elevations of 2,100 to 3,000 m., common in Jarbidge Mountains of northern Elko Co. and reported from other high mountains of northeastern Nevada. West- ern Northwest Territories, Yukon, and southeastern Alaska south ‘in mountains or Oregon, northeastern Nevada, southeastern Arizona, and western New Mexico.

Suitable for lumber. Also an ornamental and shade tree.

2- ABIES CONCOLOR (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. "white fir" Large tree to 30 m. in height and 60 em. or more in trunk diam- eter, with narrow sharp=-pointed conical crown becoming irregular in age. Bark on small trunks smoothish, gray, resin-blistered, becoming very thick, hard, and deeply furrowed into scaly